Tafseer of The Cattle · Al-An'aam · 6:143
[They are] eight mates - of the sheep, two and of the goats, two. Say, "Is it the two males He has forbidden or the two females or that which the wombs of the two females contain? Inform me with knowledge, if you should be truthful."
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the saying of Allah, the Exalted: ثَمَانِيَةَ أَزْوَاجٍ مِنَ الضَّأْنِ اثْنَيْنِ وَمِنَ الْمَعْزِ اثْنَيْنِ قُلْ آلذَّكَرَيْنِ حَرَّمَ أَمِ الأُنْثَيَيْنِ أَمَّا اشْتَمَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ أَرْحَامُ الأُنْثَيَيْنِ نَبِّئُونِي بِعِلْمٍ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ (143) ("eight in pairs: of the sheep two and of the goats two. Say: is it the two males that He has forbidden, or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females enclose? Inform me with knowledge, if you are truthful.")
Abū Jaʿfar said: This is a rebuke from Allah, whose praise is exalted, directed at those who set up idol-images as equals alongside Him among the worshippers of idols — those who slit the ears of the baḥīra-camels, let the sāʾiba-animals roam free, and joined the waṣīla-animals together — and at the same time an instruction from Him to His Prophet ﷺ and to those who believe in him, concerning the proof against them regarding the prohibition which they had declared forbidden of these. Thus He said to those who believe in Him and in His Messenger: He it is who has brought forth gardens, trellised and not trellised, and of the livestock He has brought forth beasts of burden and animals for slaughter. Then He, whose praise is exalted, clarified the "beasts of burden" and the "slaughter animals" and said: (eight in pairs).
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"Eight" (ثمانية) is placed in the accusative, because it is a closer specification of the "beasts of burden" and the "slaughter animals" and stands in their place. It is as if the meaning of the saying is: and of the livestock He has brought forth eight in pairs. So when He had, before "the eight," placed first the "beasts of burden" and the "slaughter animals," He clarified that afterwards by saying: (eight in pairs), according to that meaning.
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(of the sheep two and of the goats two) — these are four, for each of the two kinds of sheep is a mate: the female of it is the mate of the male, and the male of it is the mate of the female. So it is also with the goats and with the rest of the animals. Therefore He, whose praise is exalted, said: (eight in pairs), as He said: وَمِنْ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ خَلَقْنَا زَوْجَيْنِ [Sūrat al-Dhāriyāt: 49] ("and of everything We created two mates"), because the male is the mate of the female and the female is the mate of the male. So although they are two together, there are in them two pairs, as He, whose praise is exalted, said: وَجَعَلَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا لِيَسْكُنَ إِلَيْهَا [Sūrat al-Aʿrāf: 189] ("and He made from it its mate, that he might find rest with her"), and as He said: أَمْسِكْ عَلَيْكَ زَوْجَكَ [Sūrat al-Aḥzāb: 37] ("retain your wife with you"), and as:
14067 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: Abū Muʿāwiya related to us, on the authority of Juwaybir, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk: (of the sheep two) — a male and a female, (and of the cattle two) — a male and a female, (and of the camels two) — a male and a female.
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One says of two: "they are a pair (zawj)," as Labīd said:
Of every covered [howdah] whose poles are overshadowed, a pair upon which is a fine curtain and its covering cloth.
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Then He said to them: Eat of what Allah has bestowed upon you as sustenance of these fruits and kinds of meat, and ride these beasts of burden, O believers, and do not follow the footsteps of the devil in forbidding what these ignorant ones have forbidden without My having commanded them to do so.
— Say, O Muḥammad (ﷺ), to those who have forbidden what they forbade of crops and livestock in imitation of the devil, namely the worshippers of the idols and the idol-images, who claimed that Allah had forbidden them what they hold to be forbidden of these —: is it the two males that your Lord has forbidden, O liars against Allah, of the sheep and the goats? For if they claim that and agree to it, they belie themselves and lay bare their ignorance. For when they say: "He forbids of these the two males," then they have imposed the prohibition of every male pair of the young of the sheep and the goats, while they nevertheless enjoy the meat of the males of them and their backs. Therein lies the collapse of their claim and the belying of their words. (or the two females) — for if they say: "Our Lord has forbidden the two females," then they have imposed upon themselves the prohibition of the meat of every female of the young of the sheep and the goats and of their backs. In that too lies a belying of them and a refutation of their claim that their Lord forbade that to them, since they enjoyed the meat of a part of them and their backs. (or that which the wombs of the two females enclose) — He says: or has He forbidden what the wombs of the two females enclose, that is to say the wombs of the female of the sheep and the female of the goats; therefore He said: "the wombs of the two females." In that too — if they were to acknowledge this and say: "He has forbidden us what the wombs of the two females enclose" — lies the nullity of their words and the disclosure of their lie, for by that acknowledgment they would be acknowledging that Allah forbade them the males of the sheep and the goats and their females, that they should eat their meat or ride their backs, while they nevertheless enjoyed a part of their males and females.
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And the "what" (ما) in His saying: (or that which the wombs of the two females enclose) stands in the accusative, because it thereby attaches to "the two females."
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(inform me with knowledge) — He says: say to them: inform me with reliable knowledge about that, with correctness: what of these has your Lord forbidden you, and how has He forbidden it? (if you are truthful) in that which you ascribe to your Lord of your claim and what you impute to Him of your prohibition.
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This is only a notification from Allah, whose praise is exalted, to His Prophet, that everything these polytheists (mushrikīn) have said about that and ascribed to Allah is a lie against Allah, and that He has forbidden none of it, and that in this they have only followed the footsteps of the devil and opposed His command.
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And in accordance with what we have said concerning the explanation of this, the exegetes (ahl al-taʾwīl) have expressed themselves.
* Mention of who said that:
14068 — Bishr ibn Muʿādh related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His saying: (eight in pairs: of the sheep two and of the goats two) — the verse — : of all this I have forbidden nothing, neither little nor much, neither male nor female.
14069 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda: (of the sheep two and of the goats two), he said: ask them: (is it the two males that He has forbidden, or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females enclose), that is to say: I have forbidden nothing of this, (with knowledge, if you are truthful). And concerning the camels and the cattle he mentioned something similar.
14070 — Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to us, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid concerning the saying of Allah: (eight in pairs), regarding the matter of that which Allah forbade of the baḥīra.
14071 — Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid concerning His saying: (eight in pairs), he said: this concerns the matter of that which Allah forbade of the baḥāʾir and the suyyab (free-roaming animals). Ibn Jurayj said that He says: from where have you forbidden this? From the side of the two males or from the side of the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females enclose? And they enclose nothing other than a male or a female, so from where did the prohibition come? To which they answered: we found our forefathers doing so.
14072 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to me, saying: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: (eight in pairs: of the sheep two and of the goats two, and of the cattle two and of the camels two), he says: I have sent down for you eight pairs of that which I have enumerated, a male and a female. So is it the two males that I have forbidden you, or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females enclose? He says, that is to say: that which the wombs of the two females enclose encloses nothing other than a male or a female, so I have forbidden you neither a male nor a female of the eight. This is mentioned only because of that which they forbade of the livestock.
14073 — Yaʿqūb ibn Ibrāhīm related to me, saying: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, on the authority of Abū Rajāʾ, on the authority of al-Ḥasan: (that which the wombs of the two females enclose), he said: that which the womb carried.
14074 — Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning His saying: (say: is it the two males that He has forbidden, or the two females), he said: this is because of their words: مَا فِي بُطُونِ هَذِهِ الأَنْعَامِ خَالِصَةٌ لِذُكُورِنَا وَمُحَرَّمٌ عَلَى أَزْوَاجِنَا ("what is in the bellies of this livestock is exclusively reserved for our men and forbidden to our wives"). He said: and Ibn Zayd said concerning His saying: (eight in pairs: of the sheep two and of the goats two), he said: "the livestock" (al-anʿām), these are the camels, the cattle, the sheep and the goats; this is "the livestock" of which Allah said: "eight in pairs." He said: and he spoke concerning His saying: هَذِهِ أَنْعَامٌ وَحَرْثٌ حِجْرٌ ("this is livestock and tillage that is forbidden"): we forbid it to whom we will and withhold it for whom we will. And His saying: وَأَنْعَامٌ حُرِّمَتْ ظُهُورُهَا ("and livestock whose backs are forbidden"), he said: no one rides it. (and livestock over which they do not pronounce the name of Allah), whereupon He said: (is it the two males that He has forbidden, or the two females), which of these two has He forbidden to these? That is to say: that it is permitted for these and forbidden for those.
14075 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya ibn Ṣāliḥ related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭalḥa, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās concerning His saying: (eight in pairs: of the sheep two and of the goats two, say: is it the two males that He has forbidden, or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females enclose), that is to say: does the womb enclose anything other than a male or a female? Do they then forbid a part and declare a part permitted?
14076 — Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās concerning His saying: (eight in pairs: of the sheep two and of the goats two) — these are thus four pairs — وَمِنَ الإِبِلِ اثْنَيْنِ وَمِنَ الْبَقَرِ اثْنَيْنِ قُلْ آلذَّكَرَيْنِ حَرَّمَ أَمِ الأُنْثَيَيْنِ ("and of the camels two and of the cattle two, say: is it the two males that He has forbidden, or the two females"), he says: I have forbidden nothing of this, (inform me with knowledge, if you are truthful), he says: it is all permitted.
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And "al-ḍaʾn" (the sheep) is a plural without a singular from its own root. Sometimes "al-ḍaʾn" is pluralized as "al-ḍaʾīn" and "al-ḍiʾīn," like "al-shaʿīr" and "al-shiʿīr," just as "al-ʿabd" (the slave) is pluralized into "ʿabīd" and "ʿibīd." The singular for the males of it is "ḍāʾin" and the female "ḍāʾina," and the plural of "al-ḍāʾina" is "ḍawāʾin." So too "al-maʿz" (the goats), a plural upon another base word, just as "al-maʿzā"; and as for "al-māʿiz," its plural is "mawāʿiz."