Tafseer of The Table · Al-Maaida · 5:112
[And remember] when the disciples said, "O Jesus, Son of Mary, can your Lord send down to us a table [spread with food] from the heaven? [Jesus] said," Fear Allah, if you should be believers."
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discourse on the explanation of His statement: Toen de discipelen zeiden: "O ʿĪsā, zoon van Maryam, kan jouw Heer een tafel uit de hemel op ons neerzenden?" Hij zei: "Vreest Allah, indien jullie gelovigen zijn." (5:112)
Abū Jaʿfar said: The Exalted, whose praise is proclaimed, says: And remember, O ʿĪsā, also My favor to you, when I revealed to the disciples that they should believe in Me and in My messenger, when they said to ʿĪsā, the son of Maryam: "Can your Lord send down upon us a table from heaven?" — the second "when" (idh) connects to "I revealed" (awḥaytu).
* * *
The reciters differed concerning the reading of His statement "can your Lord" (yastaṭīʿu rabbuka).
A group of the Companions (ṣaḥāba) and the Successors (tābiʿūn) read it as (hal tastaṭīʿu) with the tāʾ, and (rabbaka) in the accusative, with the meaning: "Are you able to ask your Lord?" or: "Are you able to call upon your Lord?" or: "Are you able and do you deem it proper to call upon Him?" And they said: The disciples did not doubt that Allah, the Exalted, whose praise is proclaimed, was able to send that down upon them; they only said to ʿĪsā: "Are you able to do that?"
12993 — Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Bishr related to us, on the authority of Nāfiʿ, on the authority of Ibn ʿUmar, on the authority of Ibn Abī Mulayka, who said: ʿĀʾisha said: "The disciples did not doubt that Allah was able to send down a table upon them, but they said: O ʿĪsā, are you able (to ask) your Lord?"
12994 — Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf al-Taghlibī related to me, saying: al-Qāsim ibn Sallām related to us, saying: Ibn Mahdī related to us, on the authority of Jābir ibn Yazīd ibn Rifāʿa, on the authority of Ḥassān ibn Mukhāriq, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr: that he read it thus: (hal tastaṭīʿu rabbaka), and he said: Are you able to ask your Lord? And he said: Do you not see that they were believers?
* * *
The general reciters of Medina and Iraq read it as (hal yastaṭīʿu) with the yāʾ, and (rabbuka) in the nominative, with the meaning: that your Lord send down upon us — just as a man says to his companion: "Are you able to rise with us for such-and-such?" while he knows that he is able to do so, but he means only: Will you rise for that with us? And it is possible that the intention of whoever recites it thus is this: Does your Lord answer you and grant you that He send down upon us?
* * *
Abū Jaʿfar said: The correct of the two readings, in my view, is the reading of whoever read it as (hal yastaṭīʿu) with the yāʾ, and (rabbuka) with the nominative of "the Lord," with the meaning: Does He answer you if you ask Him for that and grant you it?
And the reason why we say that this is the correct of the two readings is what we have set forth earlier, namely that His statement "when the disciples said" connects to "when I revealed," and that the meaning of the discourse is: And when I revealed to the disciples that they should believe in Me and in My messenger, when the disciples said: O ʿĪsā, son of Maryam, can your Lord? It is therefore clear, since that is so, that Allah, the Exalted, whose praise is proclaimed, found detestable from them what they said of that and regarded it as grave, and commanded them to repent and to renew the faith after that statement of theirs, and to the acknowledgment to Allah of power over all things, and to the affirmation of His messenger in what he had informed them about their Lord. And ʿĪsā said to them, when they said that to him, because he regarded what they said as grave: "Fear Allah, if you are believers." Thus in the fact that Allah called them to repentance, and invited them to faith in Him and in His messenger ﷺ when they said what they said, and in the fact that the prophet of Allah ﷺ regarded their word as grave — therein lies the conclusive indication, without one needing anything else, for the correctness of the reading of it with the yāʾ and the nominative of "the Lord," since there would be no meaning in their statement to ʿĪsā, had they said to him: "Are you able to ask your Lord to send down upon us a table from heaven?", that would arouse such great aversion.
Should anyone suppose that their statement was regarded as grave only because that was, on their part, a request for a sign, [then he has supposed wrongly]. For only he who denies asks the prophets for a sign, so that the reality of its existence and the validity of the matter may be established for him — as was the request of the Quraysh to our prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, that he turn al-Ṣafā into gold for them and cause the mountain passes of Mecca to burst forth into rivers, requested by whoever requested it of the polytheists (mushrikīn) of his people — and as was the request for the she-camel to Ṣāliḥ from the deniers of his people — and the request to Shuʿayb that he cause fragments to fall down from heaven, from the unbelievers (kuffār) among those to whom he was sent.
Now if those who asked ʿĪsā to ask his Lord to send down upon them a table from heaven posed their question in this manner, then those who read it with the tāʾ and the accusative of "the Lord" have placed them in a still more serious position than the position from which they supposed themselves to be turning them away — either they asked that of ʿĪsā while they were convinced that he was a sent prophet and a dispatched messenger of Allah, and that Allah, the Exalted, whose praise is proclaimed, is able to do what they asked of that.
If they asked that while they were in such a state, and their question to him was only as one of them asks his prophet — when he is poor — to ask his Lord for him to make him rich; or when a need arises for him, to ask his Lord for him to fulfill it — then that is by no means a request for a sign, but that is the petition of someone with a need that presented itself to him, directed to his Lord, so that he asked his prophet to ask his Lord to fulfill it for him.
But the report of Allah, the Exalted, whose praise is proclaimed, concerning the people indicates the contrary of that. And that is because they said to ʿĪsā, when he said to them: "Fear Allah, if you are believers": Wij wensen ervan te eten, en dat onze harten gerust worden, en dat wij weten dat jij ons werkelijk de waarheid hebt verteld. Thus this statement of theirs made known that they did not know that ʿĪsā had told them the truth, and that their hearts had not come to rest concerning the reality of his prophethood. There is therefore no clearer explanation than these words, that the people had in their hearts a disease and doubt that impaired their religion and the affirmation of their messenger, and that they asked what they asked of that as a trial (a test).
* * *
And in accordance with what we have said about that, the people of interpretation (ahl al-taʾwīl) spoke.
* Mention of who said that:
12995 — al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Layth, on the authority of ʿAqīl, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: that he used to relate concerning ʿĪsā ﷺ: that he said to the children of Israel: "Will you fast thirty days for Allah, and then ask Him, that He may give you what you ask? For the wage of the worker rests upon him for whom he works!" Then they did it, and afterwards they said: "O teacher of the good, you said to us: 'The wage of the worker rests upon him for whom he works,' and you commanded us to fast thirty days, and we have done it; and we used not to work for anyone thirty days without his giving us, when we were finished, food to eat. Can your Lord, then, send down upon us a table from heaven?" ʿĪsā said: "Fear Allah, if you are believers." Zij zeiden: Wij wensen ervan te eten, en dat onze harten gerust worden, en dat wij weten dat jij ons werkelijk de waarheid hebt verteld, en dat wij daarvan tot de getuigen behoren — up to His statement: dan zal Ik hem zó bestraffen als Ik niemand van de werelden bestraf. He said: Then the angels came flying with a table from heaven on which were seven fish and seven loaves, until they set it down before them; and the last of the people ate of it as the first of them ate of it.
12996 — Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to me, saying: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: "Can your Lord send down upon us a table from heaven" — they said: Does your Lord obey you, if you ask Him? Then Allah sent down upon them a table from heaven on which was every food except meat, and they ate of it.
* * *
As for "the table" (al-māʾida): it is the active form (al-fāʿila) of "māda fulānun al-qawma yamīduhum maydan," when he gives them to eat and provides them with provisions; and of this is the word of Ruʾba:
"We bring the heads of the pampered adversaries (al-andād) to the Commander of the Believers, he who is asked for gifts (al-mumtād)."
By his expression "al-mumtād" he means: the one from whom gifts are requested. Thus "al-māʾida" is the feeder, and the dining table (al-khiwān) is so named because it feeds whoever eats from what lies upon it. And "al-māʾid" is the one who is made dizzy and turned about at sea; one says: "māda yamīdu maydan."
* * *
As for His statement "He said: Fear Allah, if you are believers," by it He means: ʿĪsā said to the disciples who said to him: "Can your Lord send down upon us a table from heaven": Guard yourselves against Allah, O people, and fear Him, lest there descend upon you from Allah a punishment on account of this statement of yours; for nothing that He wills is impossible for Allah, and in your doubt about the power of Allah to send down a table from heaven there lies disbelief in Him; so fear Allah, lest He send down His vengeance upon you. "If you are believers" — He says: if you believe me in what I announce to you of Allah's punishment upon you on account of your statement: "Can your Lord send down upon us a table from heaven?"