Tafseer of The Women · An-Nisaa · 4:116
Indeed, Allah does not forgive association with Him, but He forgives what is less than that for whom He wills. And he who associates others with Allah has certainly gone far astray.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The statement concerning the explanation of His saying: إِنْ يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ إِلا إِنَاثًا ("They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]").
Abū Jaʿfar said: The people of interpretation differed concerning the explanation of this.
Some of them said: The meaning of this is: they call upon none besides Him except al-Lāt, al-ʿUzzā and Manāt, and Allah named them "female [beings]" (ināth), according to the designation by which the polytheists (mushrikīn) used to refer to them with female names.
* Mention of who said that:
10430 – Yaʿqūb ibn Ibrāhīm related to me, he said: Hushaym related to us, he said: Ḥuṣayn informed us, on the authority of Abū Mālik, concerning His saying: "They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]," he said: al-Lāt, al-ʿUzzā and Manāt, they are all female.
10431 – Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: ʿAmr ibn ʿAwn related to us, he said: Hushaym related to us, on the authority of Ḥuṣayn, on the authority of Abū Mālik, in a similar manner – except that he said: they are all female.
10432 – Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Aḥmad ibn Mufaḍḍal related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī: "They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]," he says: they call them "female [beings]": Lāt, Manāt and ʿUzzā.
10433 – Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said concerning His saying: "They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]," he said: their gods, al-Lāt, al-ʿUzzā, Yasāf and Nāʾila, are female, they call upon them besides Allah. And he recited: وَإِنْ يَدْعُونَ إِلا شَيْطَانًا مَرِيدًا ("And they call upon none except a rebellious satan").
* * *
Others said: The meaning of this is: they call upon none besides Him except inanimate things in which there is no spirit.
* Mention of who said that:
10434 – Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya ibn Ṣāliḥ related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭalḥa, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His saying: "They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]," he says: a dead thing.
10435 – Bishr ibn Muʿādh related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda: "They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]," that is to say: nothing except a dead thing in which there is no spirit.
10436 – Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: al-Ḥajjāj related to us, he said: Mubārak ibn Faḍāla related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥasan: "They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]," he said: and "the female [beings]" (al-ināth) is everything that is dead and has no spirit in it: a dry piece of wood or a dry stone. Allah, the Exalted, said: وَإِنْ يَدْعُونَ إِلا شَيْطَانًا مَرِيدًا ("And they call upon none except a rebellious satan") up to His saying: فَلَيُبَتِّكُنَّ آذَانَ الأَنْعَامِ ("and they will surely slit the ears of the cattle").
* * *
Others said: What is meant by this is that the polytheists (mushrikīn) used to say: "The angels are the daughters of Allah."
* Mention of who said that:
10437 – Yaḥyā ibn Abī Ṭālib related to me, he said: Yazīd informed us, he said: Juwaybir informed us, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk concerning His saying: "They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]," he said: the angels, whom they claimed to be the daughters of Allah.
* * *
Others said: The meaning of this is: the people of the idols used to name their idols "female [beings]" (ināth), and Allah revealed [the verse] accordingly.
Mention of who said that:
10438 – Sufyān ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Yazīd ibn Hārūn related to us, on the authority of Nūḥ ibn Qays, on the authority of Abū Rajāʾ, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, he said: every tribe of the tribes of the Arabs had an idol, which they named: "the female [being] of the sons of so-and-so," and Allah revealed: "They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]."
10439 – Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Muslim ibn Ibrāhīm related to us, he said: Nūḥ ibn Qays related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Sayf Abū Rajāʾ al-Ḥuddānī related to us, he said: I heard al-Ḥasan say: every tribe of the Arabs had – and he mentioned something similar.
* * *
Others said: "The female [beings]" (al-ināth) in this place means the idols.
* Mention of who said that:
10440 – Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, on the authority of ʿĪsā, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid concerning His saying: "female [beings]" (ināthan), he said: idols.
10441 – Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, he said: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, the like of it.
10442 – Sufyān related to us, he said: Abū Usāma related to us, on the authority of Hishām ibn ʿUrwa, on the authority of his father, he said: in the copy (muṣḥaf) of ʿĀʾisha it stood: (إنْ يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ إلا أَوْثَانًا) ("They call upon none besides Him except idols").
* * *
Abū Jaʿfar said: It has been transmitted from Ibn ʿAbbās that he used to recite it as: (إِنْ يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ إلا أُثُنًا) (uthunan), in the meaning of the plural of "wathan" (idol), as though it were the plural of "wathanan" to "wuthunan," after which the wāw was converted into a hamza with ḍamma, as one says: "how beautiful are these faces (al-ujūh)," in the meaning of al-wujūh – and as is said: وَإِذَا الرُّسُلُ أُقِّتَتْ [sūrat al-Mursalāt: 11], in the meaning of: wuqqitat.
* * *
And it has been mentioned from some of them that he used to recite it as: (إِنْ يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ إلا أُنُثًا) (unuthan), as though he intended the plural of "al-ināth" and made it plural as "unuthan," just as "al-thimār" (the fruits) is made plural to "thumuran."
* * *
Abū Jaʿfar said: And the recitation which we do not permit to be replaced with another is the recitation of him who read: (إِنْ يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ إِلا إِنَاثًا) (ināthan), in the meaning of the plural of "unthā" (female being), because it is thus in the copies (maṣāḥif) of the Muslims, and because of the consensus of the authoritative proof (al-ḥujja) upon that recitation in this manner.
* * *
Abū Jaʿfar said: And the most fitting of the interpretations that have been mentioned for the explanation of this – since the correct view as regards the recitation, in our opinion, is as I have described – is the interpretation of him who said: what is meant by it are the gods which the polytheist Arabs used to worship besides Allah and which they named with female names, such as al-Lāt, al-ʿUzzā, Nāʾila and Manāt and the like.
And we have only said that this is more fitting for the interpretation of the verse because the most obvious of the meanings of "al-ināth" in the usage of the Arabs is that which is characterized by femaleness and not something else. Since that is so, it is obligatory to direct its interpretation toward the most well-known of its meanings.
* * *
Since that is so, the interpretation of the verse: وَمَنْ يُشَاقِقِ الرَّسُولَ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا تَبَيَّنَ لَهُ الْهُدَى وَيَتَّبِعْ غَيْرَ سَبِيلِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ نُوَلِّهِ مَا تَوَلَّى وَنُصْلِهِ جَهَنَّمَ وَسَاءَتْ مَصِيرًا ("And whoever opposes the Messenger after the guidance has become clear to him and follows a way other than that of the believers, We will turn him to that to which he has turned and We will make him burn in Hell (jahannam), and what an evil destination that is") إِنْ يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ إِلا إِنَاثًا ("They call upon none besides Him except female [beings]"), He says: those who oppose the Messenger and follow a way other than that of the believers call upon nothing = "besides Allah," after Allah and apart from Him = "except female [beings]," that is to say: nothing except that which they named with female names, such as al-Lāt, al-ʿUzzā and the like. He, exalted be His praise, says: it is for these who associated partners with Allah (ashrakū) and who worshipped besides Him idols and equals (andād), a conclusive proof against them in their misguidance, their unbelief (kufr) and their straying from the right path, that they worship female [beings] and call upon them as gods and lords, while the female of every thing is the most contemptible of it. They thus acknowledge worship (ʿubūda) for the most contemptible of things, while knowing its contemptibility, and they refuse to devote worship purely to Him to whom belongs the dominion over all things and in whose hand are the creation and the command.
* * *
The statement concerning the explanation of His saying: وَإِنْ يَدْعُونَ إِلا شَيْطَانًا مَرِيدًا (117) ("And they call upon none except a rebellious satan").
Abū Jaʿfar said: He, exalted be His praise, means by His saying: "And they call upon none except a rebellious satan," and those who call upon these female idols besides Allah call upon nothing by their calling upon them = "except a rebellious satan," that is to say: one who is rebellious against Allah in opposing what He has commanded him and what He has forbidden him, as:-
10443 – Bishr ibn Muʿādh related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda: "And they call upon none except a rebellious satan," who was rebellious in the acts of disobedience to Allah.