Tafseer of The Criterion · Al-Furqaan · 25:67
And [they are] those who, when they spend, do so not excessively or sparingly but are ever, between that, [justly] moderate
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The Exalted and Praised says: and those who, when they spend their wealth, are not extravagant therein.
Then the exegetes differed concerning the spending that Allah intended here, and what extravagance (israf) in it and stinginess (iqtar) in it are. Some of them said: extravagance is every expenditure in disobedience to Allah, even if it be small. They said: that is what Allah intended by this and what He called israf. They said: and al-iqtar (stinginess) is: withholding the right of Allah.
The report of those who said that:
ʿAlī related to me, saying: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, his saying وَالَّذِينَ إِذَا أَنفَقُوا لَمْ يُسْرِفُوا وَلَمْ يَقْتُرُوا وَكَانَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ قَوَامًا (and those who, when they spend, are not extravagant and not stingy, but hold a balanced course between that): he said: "they are the believers who are not extravagant - that is to say: they do not spend in disobedience to Allah, and are not stingy - that is to say: they do not withhold the rights of Allah the Exalted."
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Ibn Yamān related to us, on the authority of ʿUthmān ibn al-Aswad, on the authority of Mujāhid, who said: "if you were to spend gold the size of Mount Abī Qubays in obedience to Allah, that would not be extravagance; but if you spend a single measure (ṣāʿ) in disobedience to Allah, that is extravagance."
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, his saying: وَالَّذِينَ إِذَا أَنفَقُوا لَمْ يُسْرِفُوا وَلَمْ يَقْتُرُوا (and those who, when they spend, are not extravagant and not stingy): he said: "that they spend nothing on what He has forbidden them, even if it be but a single dirham; and are not stingy - that is to say: they do not curtail spending on what is rightful."
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning his saying وَالَّذِينَ إِذَا أَنفَقُوا لَمْ يُسْرِفُوا وَلَمْ يَقْتُرُوا وَكَانَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ قَوَامًا (and those who, when they spend, are not extravagant and not stingy, but hold a balanced course between that): he said: "they are not extravagant by spending in disobedience to Allah - every expenditure in disobedience to Allah, even if it be small, is extravagance; and they are not stingy by withholding from obedience to Allah. And whatever is withheld from obedience to Allah, even if it be much, is stinginess."
He said: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibrāhīm ibn Nashīṭ informed me, on the authority of ʿUmar, the freedman of Ghufra, that he was asked about extravagance: what is it? He said: "everything that you spend on something other than obedience to Allah is extravagance."
And others said: extravagance is exceeding the limit in expenditure; and stinginess (al-iqtar) is falling short of what is indispensable.
The report of those who said that:
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Salām ibn Ḥarb related to us, on the authority of Mughīra, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, his saying وَالَّذِينَ إِذَا أَنفَقُوا لَمْ يُسْرِفُوا وَلَمْ يَقْتُرُوا (and those who, when they spend, are not extravagant and not stingy): he said: "they neither leave them to hunger, nor clothe them naked, nor spend in a manner about which people say: he has been extravagant."
Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār related to me, saying: Muḥammad ibn Yazīd ibn Khunaysis Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Makhzūmī al-Makkī related to us, saying: I heard Wuhayb ibn al-Ward Abū al-Ward, freedman of Banū Makhzūm, say: "a scholar met a scholar who surpassed him in knowledge, and said to him: may Allah have mercy on you, tell me about this building in which there is no extravagance - what is it? He said: that which protects you from the sun and shelters you from the rain. He said: may Allah have mercy on you, then tell me about this food, our portion of which contains no extravagance - what is it? He said: that which stills hunger and is less than satiety. He said: may Allah have mercy on you, then tell me about this clothing in which there is no extravagance - what is it? He said: that which covers your private parts and gives you warmth in the cold."
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Shurayḥ informed me, on the authority of Yazīd ibn Abī Ḥabīb, concerning this verse وَالَّذِينَ إِذَا أَنفَقُوا ... the verse: he said: "they wore no garment for adornment, nor ate food for pleasure; but they desired of clothing only that with which they covered their private parts and found protection against heat and cold, and of food they desired only what stilled hunger and enabled them to serve their Lord."
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Ḥakkām related to us, on the authority of ʿAnbasa, on the authority of al-ʿAlāʾ ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, on the authority of Yazīd ibn Murra al-Jufī: he said: "knowledge is better than action; the good lies between two evils, that is to say: when they spend they are not extravagant and not stingy. And the best of deeds is the middle of them."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Muslim ibn Ibrāhīm related to us, saying: Kaʿb ibn Farūkh related to us, saying: Qatāda related to us, on the authority of Muṭarrif ibn ʿAbd Allāh, who said: "the best of these matters is the middle of them, and the good lies between two evils." I asked Qatāda: what is the good that lies between two evils? He said: وَالَّذِينَ إِذَا أَنفَقُوا لَمْ يُسْرِفُوا وَلَمْ يَقْتُرُوا ... the verse.
And others said: extravagance is eating the wealth of others without right.
The report of those who said that:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Sālim ibn Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Abū Madan, who said: I was with ʿAwn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿUtba, and he said: "the extravagant one is not he who eats his own wealth; the extravagant one is only he who eats the wealth of others."
Abū Jaʿfar says: The correct view concerning this is the opinion of those who said: the extravagance in expenditure that Allah intended here is what exceeds the limit that Allah has permitted His servants toward what lies above it; and stinginess (al-iqtar) is: falling short of what Allah has commanded; and balance (al-qawam) is between that.
And we say that it is thus, because the extravagant one and the stingy one are such; and if extravagance and stinginess in expenditure were permitted, they would not be blameworthy, nor would the extravagant one nor the stingy one be blameworthy, for what Allah permits to be done is not blameworthy for the one who does it.
Now if someone asks: does this have a known criterion that you can make clear to us? Then we say: yes, that is comprehensible in every category of food, drink, clothing, alms, acts of piety, and the like. We prefer not to lengthen the book by discussing each category separately. But the essence of it is what we have set forth: as when someone eats food beyond satiety in a way that weakens his body and exhausts his strength and prevents him from obeying his Lord and fulfilling his duties - that is extravagance. And when he abstains from eating while he is able to do so, until this weakens his body, exhausts his strength, and renders him too weak to fulfill the duties of his Lord - that is stinginess. And the balance between the two follows from this principle. Everything resembling this falls under it. But acquiring a garment for adornment to wear it at meetings with people and at attending gatherings, the Friday prayer, and the feasts - in addition to his work garment - or eating food that enables his body to stand before Allah as it should, above the level that merely stills hunger but does not enable the body to perform the obligatory worship properly - that falls outside the meaning of extravagance; it belongs to balance, for the Prophet ﷺ commanded some of this and recommended other parts of it, such as his saying: "what harm is there for one of you if he acquires two garments: one for his daily occupations and one for his Friday and his feast day?" And his saying: "when Allah grants a servant a favor, He loves to see the traces of it upon him." And similar reports which we have set forth in their appropriate places.
And as for his saying: وَكَانَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ قَوَامًا (and between that is a balanced course): that is spending with justice and propriety, as we have explained.
And in accordance with what we have said concerning this, the people of exegesis spoke.
The report of those who said that:
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Abū Sulaymān, on the authority of Wahb ibn Munabbih, concerning his saying وَكَانَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ قَوَامًا (and between that is a balanced course): he said: "half of their wealth."
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, his saying وَكَانَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ قَوَامًا (and between that is a balanced course): "spending in accordance with the right."
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning his saying وَكَانَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ قَوَامًا (and between that is a balanced course): he said: "balance (al-qawam): that they spend in obedience to Allah and refrain from the things Allah has forbidden."
He said: Ibrāhīm ibn Nashīṭ informed me, on the authority of ʿUmar, the freedman of Ghufra, who said: I asked him: what is al-qawam (balance)? He said: "balance: that you spend nothing outside of the right, and withhold nothing from a right that is incumbent upon you." And al-qawam in Arabic, with fatḥa (the "a" sound) of the qāf, is the thing between two things. One says of a woman with a balanced figure: she has a beautiful qawam in her uprightness, as al-Ḥuṭayʾa said: "Umāma passed for a while alongside the riders; ah, how beautiful are her figure and her veil!" And if one pronounces the qāf with kasra (the "i" sound) and says: qiwām ahlihi (the mainstay of his family), one means by it: that their affair and matter rest upon him. And there are other dialectal variants of it: one says: he is the qiyām (mainstay) of his family and their qayyim (caretaker) in the meaning of their qawam. The meaning of the word, then, is: and their spending between extravagance and stinginess was a balanced middle course - neither exceeding the limit of Allah, nor falling short of what Allah has ordained, but justice between the two in accordance with what He, exalted be His praise, has permitted and granted leave for.
And the Qurʾān reciters differed concerning the reading of His saying وَلَمْ يَقْتُرُوا (and are not stingy). The majority of the reciters of Medina read it as "wa-lam yuqtirū" with ḍamma (u) of the yāʾ and kasra (i) of the tāʾ, derived from aqtara yuqtiru. And the majority of the Kufan reciters read it as وَلَمْ يَقْتُرُوا with fatḥa (a) of the yāʾ and ḍamma (u) of the tāʾ, derived from qatara yaqturu. And the majority of the Basran reciters read it as "wa-lam yaqtirū" with fatḥa (a) of the yāʾ and kasra (i) of the tāʾ, derived from qatara yaqtiru.
The correct view concerning this is that all these readings, despite their differing pronunciation variants, are well-known dialectal variants in Arabic and widespread readings among the reciters of the various lands (amṣār), with the same meaning. Whichever of them the reciter reads, he is correct.