Tafseer of The Light · An-Noor · 24:5
Except for those who repent thereafter and reform, for indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The exegetes (ahl al-taʾwīl) differed concerning the part to which the exception in His word إِلا الَّذِينَ تَابُوا مِنْ بَعْدِ ذَلِكَ وَأَصْلَحُوا ("except those who repented thereafter and amended") refers.
Some said: the exception is made upon His word وَلا تَقْبَلُوا لَهُمْ شَهَادَةً أَبَدًا وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ ("and never accept their testimony; they are the iniquitous"). They held: if the false accuser (al-qādhif) repents, his testimony is accepted and the name of iniquity falls away from him, regardless of whether he has already undergone the prescribed punishment (ḥadd) or not.
We mention here those who said this:
Aḥmad ibn Ḥammād al-Dawlābī related to us, saying: Sufyān related to me, on the authority of al-Zuhrī, on the authority of Saʿīd — if Allah wills —, that ʿUmar said to Abū Bakra: "If you repent, I will accept your testimony; [if not], then I reject your testimony."
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq, on the authority of al-Zuhrī, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab: that ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb had Abū Bakra, Shibl ibn Maʿbad, and Nāfiʿ ibn al-Ḥārith ibn Kalada undergo the prescribed punishment (ḥadd). Then he said to them: "Whoever brands himself a liar, his testimony I will henceforth accept; whoever does not do so, I will not accept his testimony." Shibl and Nāfiʿ branded themselves liars, but Abū Bakra refused to do so. Al-Zuhrī said: "By Allah, this is a precedent (sunna) — remember it well."
Ibn Abī al-Shawārib related to us, saying: Yazīd ibn Zurayʿ related to us, saying: Dāwūd related to us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, who said: "When he — the false accuser — repents and only good is known of him, his testimony is valid."
ʿImrān ibn Mūsā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Wārith related to us, saying: Dāwūd related to us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, who said: "It is the duty of the imam to call the false accuser to repentance after the flogging (al-jald). If he repents and good is known of him, his testimony is valid; if he does not repent, he is an outcast whose testimony is not valid."
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Wārith related to us, saying: Dāwūd related to us, on the authority of ʿĀmir, that he said concerning the false accuser: "If he repents and good is known of him, his testimony is valid; if he does not repent, he is an outcast whose testimony is not valid. His repentance consists in branding himself a liar."
He said: Ibn Abī ʿAdī related to us, on the authority of Dāwūd, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī — identically.
Abū Kurayb and Abū al-Sāʾib related to us, they said: Ibn Idrīs related to us, saying: Dāwūd ibn Abī Hind informed us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, who said concerning the false accuser: "If he repents and brands himself a liar, his testimony is accepted; otherwise he is an outcast who has no testimony — for Allah says: لَوْلا جَاءُوا عَلَيْهِ بِأَرْبَعَةِ شُهَدَاءَ …" to the end of the verse.
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Hushaym related to us, saying: Dāwūd ibn Abī Hind informed us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī — that he used to say concerning the testimony of the false accuser: "If he retracts his words at the moment he is being beaten, or if he brands himself a liar, his testimony is accepted."
He said: Hushaym related to us, on the authority of Ismāʿīl ibn Abī Khālid, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī — that he used to say: "Allah accepts his repentance, but you reject his testimony." And [al-Shaʿbī] would accept his testimony when he repented.
He said: Ismāʿīl informed us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī — that he used to say concerning the false accuser: "If he testifies before the prescribed punishment (ḥadd) is carried out, his testimony is accepted."
He said: Hushaym related to us, saying: ʿUbayda informed us, on the authority of Ibrāhīm and Ismāʿīl ibn Sālim, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī — that both of them said concerning the false accuser: "If he testifies before he is flogged, his testimony is valid."
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Abū Bishr — that is, Ibn ʿUlayya — said: I heard Ibn Abī Najīḥ say: "The false accuser: if he repents, his testimony is valid." He said: "We used to say that." He was asked: "Who?" He said: "ʿAṭāʾ, Ṭāwūs, and Mujāhid said that."
Ibn Bashshār and Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, they said: Muḥammad ibn Khālid ibn ʿUthma related to us, saying: Saʿīd ibn Bashīr related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of ʿUmar ibn Ṭalḥa, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh, who said: "If the false accuser repents after he has been flogged, his testimony is valid." Abū Mūsā said: "Thus did Ibn Abī ʿAthma relate it."
Ibn Bashshār and Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, they said: Ibn Abī ʿAthma related to us, saying: Saʿīd ibn Bashīr related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of Sulaymān ibn Yasār and al-Shaʿbī — they said: "If the false accuser repents at the moment of the flogging, his testimony is valid."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda — that ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Ṭalḥa had a man undergo the punishment for false accusation, and then said: "Brand yourself a liar, and your testimony will become valid."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Abū al-Haytham, who said: I heard Ibrāhīm and al-Shaʿbī conversing with one another about the testimony of the false accuser. Al-Shaʿbī asked Ibrāhīm: "Why do you not accept his testimony?" He answered: "Because I do not know whether he has repented or not."
He said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak related to us, on the authority of Mujālid, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, on the authority of Masrūq, who said: "His testimony is accepted if he repents."
He said: ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak related to us, on the authority of Yaʿqūb ibn al-Qaʿqāʿ, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Zayd, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr — identically.
He said: ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of ʿImrān ibn Mūsā, who said: "I was present when ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz declared valid the testimony of a false accuser, in the presence of another man."
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, saying: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥakam, who said: al-Shaʿbī said: "If he repents, his testimony is valid." Ibn al-Muthannā said: "[he meant:] in my view — that is, in cases of false accusation."
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Ibn Idrīs related to us, saying: Misʿar informed us, on the authority of ʿImrān ibn ʿUmayr — that ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿUtba declared valid the testimony of a false accuser when he repented.
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Hushaym related to me, on the authority of Juwaybir, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk, who said: "If he repents and amends, his testimony is accepted" — he meant the false accuser.
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Ibn Thawr informed us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of Ibn al-Musayyab, who said: "The testimony of the false accuser is accepted if he repents."
Al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq related to us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of Ibn al-Musayyab — identically.
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Muḥammad related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, who said: al-Zuhrī said: "If the false accuser has undergone the prescribed punishment, the imam should call him to repentance. If he repents, his testimony is accepted; if not, then not." He said: "Thus did ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb do with those who testified against al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba: they repented, except Abū Bakra — and his testimony was no longer accepted."
Others said: the exception refers to وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ ("they are the iniquitous"). As for His word وَلا تَقْبَلُوا لَهُمْ شَهَادَةً أَبَدًا — it is connected to "ever" (al-abad), and it is never permitted to accept it.
We mention here those who said this:
Ibn Abī al-Shawārib related to us, saying: Yazīd ibn Zurayʿ related to us, saying: Ashʿath ibn Sawwār related to us, saying: al-Shaʿbī related to me that Shurayḥ accepted the testimony of everyone who had undergone a punishment — when he repented — except the false accuser. For his repentance takes place between him and his Lord; his testimony we do not declare valid.
Ḥumayd ibn Masʿada related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Ashʿath ibn Sawwār related to us, saying: al-Shaʿbī related to us, on the authority of Shurayḥ — identically, except that he said: "everyone who has undergone a prescribed punishment (ḥadd), when he is just on the day he testifies."
Abū al-Sāʾib related to me, saying: Abū Muʿāwiya related to us, on the authority of al-Aʿmash, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, on the authority of Shurayḥ, who said: he did not declare valid the testimony of the false accuser and said: "his repentance takes place between him and his Lord."
Abū Kurayb and Abū al-Sāʾib related to us, they said: Ibn Idrīs related to us, on the authority of Muṭarrif, on the authority of Abū ʿUthmān, on the authority of Shurayḥ — concerning the false accuser: "Allah accepts his repentance, but I do not accept his testimony."
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Ibn Idrīs related to us, saying: Ashʿath informed us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, who said: Two parties came before him, and one of them brought a witness who was missing a hand. The opposing party said: "Do you not see his condition?" He answered: "I see it." He asked the people about him, and they spoke well of him. Shurayḥ said: "We declare valid the testimony of everyone who has undergone a prescribed punishment, when he is just on the day he testifies — except the false accuser, for his repentance takes place between him and his Lord."
Abū al-Sāʾib related to us, saying: Ibn Idrīs related to us, saying: Ashʿath informed us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī — identically to the report of Abū Kurayb.
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Hushaym related to us, saying: al-Shaybānī informed us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī, on the authority of Shurayḥ — that he used to say: "his testimony is never accepted; his repentance takes place between him and his Lord" — he meant the false accuser.
He said: Hushaym related to us, saying: al-Ashʿath informed us, on the authority of al-Shaʿbī — that Ribāb had punished a man for highway robbery by cutting off his hand and foot. Then the man repented and amended, and testified before Shurayḥ. Shurayḥ declared his testimony valid. The opposing party said: "You declare his testimony valid while he is maimed?" Shurayḥ said: "Everyone who has undergone a prescribed punishment and then repented and amended — his testimony is valid, except that of the false accuser."
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Abū al-Walīd related to us, saying: Shuʿba related to us, saying: al-Mughīra informed me — he said: I heard Ibrāhīm relate the account of Shurayḥ, who said: "It is a decision of Allah: his testimony is never accepted; his repentance takes place between him and his Lord." Abū Mūsā said: he meant the false accuser.
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Hushaym related to us, saying: al-Mughīra informed us, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, who said: Shurayḥ said: "Allah never accepts his testimony again."
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Abū al-Walīd related to us, saying: Ḥammād related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab, who said: "The testimony of the false accuser is not valid; his repentance takes place between him and Allah."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, who said: "The false accuser: his repentance takes place between him and Allah, and his testimony is not accepted."
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Abū al-Walīd related to us, saying: Ḥammād related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab, who said: "The testimony of the false accuser is not valid; his repentance takes place between him and Allah." — [this report is repeated in the transmission]
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, who said: "The false accuser: his repentance takes place between him and Allah, and his testimony is not accepted." — [repetition]
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, saying: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥakam, on the authority of Ibrāhīm — that he said concerning the man who had undergone the prescribed punishment: "His testimony is never valid."
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Hushaym related to us, saying: al-Mughīra informed us, on the authority of Ibrāhīm — that he never accepted the testimony of the false accuser; his repentance takes place between him and Allah.
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Muʿtamir ibn Sulaymān related to us, on the authority of Ḥajjāj, on the authority of ʿAmr ibn Shuʿayb, on the authority of his father, on the authority of his grandfather, on the authority of the Prophet ﷺ — that he said: "The testimony of one who has undergone a prescribed punishment (ḥadd) in Islam is not valid."
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Ibn Thawr informed us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of al-Ḥasan — concerning the word وَلا تَقْبَلُوا لَهُمْ شَهَادَةً أَبَدًا : he used to say: "The testimony of the false accuser is never accepted; his repentance takes place between him and Allah." And Shurayḥ used to say: "His testimony is not accepted."
ʿAlī related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — concerning His word وَلا تَقْبَلُوا لَهُمْ شَهَادَةً أَبَدًا — then he said: "Whoever repents and amends, his testimony is accepted by virtue of the Book of Allah."
The most correct position in this matter, in our view, is that the exception refers to both things at once — that is, both to وَلا تَقْبَلُوا لَهُمْ شَهَادَةً أَبَدًا and to وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ . The reason for this is that there is no disagreement among all that this is the case when he has not undergone the punishment for false accusation before he repented — whether because the accused pardoned him, or because she died before claiming her right to the punishment and there was no one to claim the punishment on her behalf. When that is so and sincere repentance has come from him, his rectitude (al-ʿadāla) returns to him.
Now since this is a point of consensus among all, and Allah the Exalted has not stipulated in His Book that his testimony is never accepted again after the carrying out of the punishment for his false accusation — but has only forbidden the acceptance of his testimony in the state in which he has deserved the punishment and has named him "iniquitous" — it follows from this that the carrying out of the punishment for his false accusation does not place his testimony in a worse position after repentance from his sin than was the case before its carrying out. On the contrary: his repentance after the carrying out of the punishment makes his testimony more valid than before its carrying out, for the punishment cleanses the one who undergoes it all the more from the sin for which he deserved the punishment.
If someone says: is it conceivable that the exception refers to فَاجْلِدُوهُمْ ثَمَانِينَ جَلْدَةً ("flog them with eighty lashes"), such that repentance exempts him from the punishment — just as repentance, in our view, makes his testimony valid before and after the punishment, and removes the name of iniquity from him? The answer is: that is not permissible in our view. The reason is that the punishment (al-ḥadd) is, in our view, a right of the accused woman, like the right to retaliation (al-qiṣāṣ) that belongs to her for a crime committed against her to which retaliation applies. There is no disagreement among all that his repentance from such an act does not exempt him from the retaliation owed to her. Likewise, his repentance from the false accusation does not exempt him from the punishment owed to her, for that is her right: if she wishes, she pardons it; if she wishes, she claims it. The repentance of a servant from his sin only removes from him the blameworthy appellations and ugly attributes; the rights of people that Allah has established — of some people upon others — do not thereby disappear and are not thereby annulled.
The scholars also differed concerning the nature of the false accuser's repentance that makes his testimony valid. Some said: it consists in his branding himself a liar. We have already cited earlier some of those who said that; we mention here some of those whom we did not mention then.
Abū al-Sāʾib related to me, saying: Ḥafṣ related to us, on the authority of Layth, on the authority of Ṭāwūs, who said: "The repentance of the false accuser consists in his branding himself a liar."
Yaʿqūb ibn Ibrāhīm related to me, saying: Hushaym related to us, saying: Ḥuṣayn informed us — he said: I saw a man undergo the prescribed punishment for false accusation in Medina. When the flogging was over, he picked up his garment and said: "I ask Allah for forgiveness and repent to Him for the false accusation of chaste women." He said: then I met Abū al-Zinād and told him this. He said: "The practice here among us is: when he says that as soon as the flogging is finished, and we know only good of him, his testimony is accepted."
I was told on the authority of al-Ḥusayn, who said: I heard Abū Muʿādh say: ʿUbayd informed us, saying: I heard al-Ḍaḥḥāk say concerning the word وَلا تَقْبَلُوا لَهُمْ شَهَادَةً أَبَدًا وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ * إِلا الَّذِينَ تَابُوا — the verse, he said: "Whoever openly acknowledges and confesses that he has spoken lies, and sincerely repents toward Allah — and sincere repentance means not returning [to it] — and his confession and acknowledgment take place at the moment of the punishment when he is being beaten, has repented. Allah is Forgiving, Merciful."
Others said: his repentance consists in the improvement of his condition, remorse over what he has done, asking for forgiveness, and refraining from repeating such an offense. This is the view of a group of the Followers (tābiʿūn) and others; we have already mentioned some of them. It is also the view of Mālik ibn Anas.
This position is preferable to the other in this matter. Allah the Exalted has set the repentance of every sinner among the believers in refraining from repetition, remorse over the past, and asking forgiveness from his Lord — as regards sins that are between the servant and Allah, not as regards the rights of people and mutual wrongs. When the punishment has been carried out upon the false accuser or has been pardoned him, there remains for him only his repentance from his offense between him and his Lord. The path of his repentance is then the same as that of his repentance from his other offenses.
Now, if the correct view in this matter is what we have described, the explanation of the text reads as follows: "They are the iniquitous — except those who have repented from the offense they committed by falsely accusing chaste women, after they had committed it فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ " — that is: He who covers their sins by forgiving them, merciful toward them after repentance by not punishing them for it. So accept their testimony and do not call them iniquitous; call them by the names that befit them in the state of their repentance.