Tafseer of The Light · An-Noor · 24:2
The [unmarried] woman or [unmarried] man found guilty of sexual intercourse - lash each one of them with a hundred lashes, and do not be taken by pity for them in the religion of Allah, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a group of the believers witness their punishment.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, exalted be His mention, says: Whoever of the men commits fornication (zinā) or of the women — and he is a free person who is a virgin and not lawfully married — give him a hundred lashes (jald) as a punishment for what he has done of disobedience to Allah.
وَلا تَأْخُذْكُمْ بِهِمَا رَأْفَةٌ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ ("and let no pity for them overcome you in the religion of Allah"): Let no softness overcome you, O believers, towards the adulterous man and woman — that is: tenderness of compassion in the religion of Allah, in obedience to Allah in that which He commanded you of imposing the prescribed punishment which He has made obligatory upon you concerning them.
The scholars of interpretation differed concerning what the believers are forbidden to do. Some said: that is abandoning the imposition of the prescribed punishment of Allah upon them.
*Mention of those who said this:
Abū Hishām related to us, saying: Yahyā ibn Abī Zāʾida related to us, on the authority of Nāfiʿ, on the authority of Ibn ʿUmar, on the authority of Ibn Abī Mulayka, on the authority of ʿUbaydullāh ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar, who said: "Ibn ʿUmar beat a slave-girl of his who had done something; he beat her legs, and I think also her back. I said to him: وَلا تَأْخُذْكُمْ بِهِمَا رَأْفَةٌ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ ." He said: "Do I have pity on her? For Allah has not commanded me to kill her."
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, who said: I heard ʿAbdullāh ibn Abī Mulayka saying: ʿUbaydullāh ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar related to me that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar had imposed the prescribed punishment upon a slave-girl of his and said to the one flogging — while he pointed to her legs and her lower part. I said: "But what then does Allah say: وَلا تَأْخُذْكُمْ بِهِمَا رَأْفَةٌ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ ?" He said: "Should I then kill her?"
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīh, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning وَلا تَأْخُذْكُمْ بِهِمَا رَأْفَةٌ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ — he said: "That you impose the prescribed punishment."
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: Hajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj: he said: "Do not deny the limits of Allah."
Ibn Jurayj said: And Mujāhid said: "Do not deny the prescribed punishments in imposing them." ʿAṭāʾ ibn Abī Rabāh said the same.
Abū Hishām related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Malik and Hajjāj related to us, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ: "The prescribed punishment of Allah is imposed and not neglected, but it is not the death penalty."
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Fuḍayl related to me, on the authority of Dāwūd, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr: "The flogging."
ʿUbayd ibn Ismāʿīl al-Habbārī related to me, saying: Muhammad ibn Fuḍayl related to us, on the authority of al-Mughīra, on the authority of Ibrāhīm: "The beating."
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: al-Muʿtamir related to us, saying: I heard ʿImrān saying: I said to Abū Majlaz: The text says الزَّانِيَةُ وَالزَّانِي فَاجْلِدُوا كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا ... up to His words: وَالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ — we have pity on them when a man is punished or his hand is cut off. He said: "That only means that the authority, when they are brought before him, cannot let them go out of pity before he has imposed the punishment."
Al-Hasan related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: al-Thawrī informed us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīh, on the authority of Mujāhid: "The prescribed punishments are not imposed."
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said: "so that you would let them go from the limits of Allah which He has imposed and made obligatory upon them."
He said: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Lahīʿa informed us, on the authority of Khālid ibn Abī ʿImrān, that he asked Sulaymān ibn Yasār about the word of Allah: — concerning the prescribed punishments or concerning the chastisement? He said: "That applies in both."
ʿAmr ibn ʿAbd al-Hamīd al-Āmulī related to us, saying: Yahyā ibn Zakariyyā related to us, on the authority of ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Abī Sulaymān, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ: "That the prescribed punishment of Allah is imposed and not neglected — but it is not the death penalty."
Ibn Humayd related to us, saying: Jarīr related to us, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ, on the authority of ʿĀmir: "The harsh beating."
Others said: the meaning is: let no pity for them overcome you so that you would soften the beating of them — but cause them pain by beating.
*Mention of those who said this:
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Yahyā ibn Abī Bakr related to us, saying: Abū Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of al-Hasan and Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab: "The harsh flogging (al-jald al-shadīd)."
He said: Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of Shuʿba, on the authority of Hammād, who said: "The false accuser (al-qādhif) and the drinker are punished while they have their clothing on; but the adulterer has his clothing removed." And he recited this verse. I asked Hammād: "Is this the judgment or the flogging?" He said: "In the judgment and the flogging."
Al-Hasan related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of al-Zuhrī: "One exerts one's utmost in the punishment for fornication and for false accusation, and one softens in the punishment for drink." Qatāda said: "One softens with the drinker and exerts one's utmost with the adulterer."
The most correct of the two opinions on this is the opinion of those who say that the meaning is: let no pity for them overcome you in imposing the prescribed punishment of Allah upon them.
That we say is the most correct of the two interpretations, because of the indication of the word of Allah after it: "in the religion of Allah" — that is to say: in the obedience to Allah which He has commanded you. And it is known that the religion of Allah which He has commanded concerning the adulterers is: the imposition of the prescribed punishment upon them, namely the beating of each of the two with a hundred lashes. For the harshness in the beating has no limit at which one stops. And it is not permissible to describe Him, exalted be His praise, as having commanded something the knowledge of which the one to whom it is commanded cannot attain. So the thing the knowledge of which those to whom it was commanded can attain is the number of lashes — and that is the imposition of the prescribed punishment.
And the Arabs have two forms for al-raʾfa (pity): al-raʾfa with sukūn on the hamza, and al-raʾāfa with lengthening.
And His words: إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ ("if you believe in Allah and the Last Day"): that is to say: if you believe in Allah, your Lord, and in the Last Day, and that you will be gathered therein for the Day of Judgment — for whoever believes in that will not disobey Allah in His command and His prohibition, out of fear of His chastisement.
And His words: وَلْيَشْهَدْ عَذَابَهُمَا طَائِفَةٌ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ("and let a group of the believers be present at their chastisement"): Allah, exalted be His mention, says: Let a group of the believers be present at the beating of the two unmarried adulterers. The Arabs also call the single individual "a group" (ṭāʾifa) and more than that.
The scholars of interpretation differed concerning the size of the group. Some said: the minimum is one.
*Mention of those who said this:
Muhammad ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Rahmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīh, on the authority of Mujāhid — he said: "The group is one man."
ʿAlī ibn Sahl and Ibn al-Qawwās related to us: Yahyā ibn ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīh, on the authority of Mujāhid: "The group is one man." ʿAlī said: "And more than that."
ʿAlī related to us, saying: Zayd related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīh, on the authority of Mujāhid: "The group is one man."
Yaʿqūb related to us, saying: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, saying: Ibn Abī Najīh said: Mujāhid said: "The minimum is one man."
Yaʿqūb related to me, saying: Hushaym related to us, saying: Abū Bishr informed us, on the authority of Mujāhid: "The group is from one to a thousand."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, saying: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of Abī Bishr, on the authority of Mujāhid: "The group is from one to a thousand." And: وَإِنْ طَائِفَتَانِ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ اقْتَتَلُوا فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَهُمَا .
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Wahb ibn Jarīr related to me, saying: Shuʿba related to us, on the authority of Abī Bishr, on the authority of Mujāhid: "The group is the single individual up to a thousand." That which طَائِفَتَانِ in the mentioned verse were only two men.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: I heard ʿĪsā ibn Yūnus saying: al-Nuʿmān ibn Thābit related to us, on the authority of Hammād and Ibrāhīm: "The group is one man."
Al-Hasan related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: al-Thawrī informed us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīh, on the authority of Mujāhid: "The group is one man and more."
Others said: the minimum here is two men.
*Mention of those who said this:
Yaʿqūb ibn Ibrāhīm related to me, saying: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, saying: Ibn Abī Najīh related to us: ʿAṭāʾ said: "The minimum is two men."
Al-Qāsim related to me, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: Hajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, he said: ʿUmar ibn ʿAṭāʾ informed me, on the authority of ʿIkrima: "Two men or more should be present."
Others said: the minimum is three or more.
*Mention of those who said this:
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Husayn related to us, saying: ʿĪsā ibn Yūnus related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Dhi'b, on the authority of al-Zuhrī: "The group is three or more."
Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda: "A gathering of Muslims."
Al-Hasan related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda — to the same effect.
Abū al-Sāʾib related to me, saying: Hafṣ ibn Ghiyāth related to us, saying: Ashʿath related to us, on the authority of his father: "I went to Abā Barza al-Aslamī for a need, and he had brought a slave-girl out of the door of the house who had committed fornication. He called a man and said: Beat her fifty lashes! He gathered a group, then he recited: وَلْيَشْهَدْ عَذَابَهُمَا طَائِفَةٌ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ."
Abū Hishām al-Rifāʿī related to us, saying: Yahyā related to us, on the authority of Ashʿath, on the authority of his father, that Abū Barza commanded his son to beat the slave-girl who had borne a child from fornication — a beating that was not painful. He threw a garment over her while he was surrounded by people, and recited: وَلْيَشْهَدْ عَذَابَهُمَا ... the verse.
Others said: the minimum is four.
*Mention of those who said this:
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said: "The group by which the punishment is proven are four persons."
And the most correct of the opinions on this is the opinion of the one who says that the minimum of the number of Muslims who should be present is the single individual and more. That is so because Allah said it in general terms in: وَلْيَشْهَدْ عَذَابَهُمَا طَائِفَةٌ — and the ṭāʾifa (group) can among the Arabs mean one and more.
If this is so, and Allah has given no indication that His intent is a specific number, then one knows that the presence of what the lowest name "group" entails of this attendance acquits the one who imposes the punishment of that to which Allah has commanded him. However, I nonetheless prefer that the number of those present not be below four — the number of those whose testimony concerning fornication is accepted — for if the number is so, then there is no disagreement among the community that the one who has imposed the punishment has fulfilled his duty, while they disagree concerning less than that.