Tafseer of Taa-Haa · Taa-Haa · 20:88
And he extracted for them [the statue of] a calf which had a lowing sound, and they said, "This is your god and the god of Moses, but he forgot."
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The exposition of the interpretation of the word of Allah the Exalted: قَالُوا مَا أَخْلَفْنَا مَوْعِدَكَ بِمَلْكِنَا وَلَكِنَّا حُمِّلْنَا أَوْزَارًا مِنْ زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ فَقَذَفْنَاهَا فَكَذَلِكَ أَلْقَى السَّامِرِيُّ (verse 87)
Allah, exalted be His remembrance, says: The people of Moses said to Moses: We did not break your promise — meaning by that: his agreement which he had made with them.
As Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us — and Al-Ḥārith related to us, he said: Al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the word مَوْعِدِي : he said: my agreement. And that agreement and promise is what we have expounded earlier.
And His words بِمَلْكِنَا — Allah, exalted be His remembrance, reports about them that they acknowledged that they were in the wrong, and said: we were not able to bring ourselves to do what was right, and we had no command over our affair until we fell into the trial that befell us.
The Qurʾān-reciters differed over the reading of this: the overwhelming majority of the Qurʾān-reciters of Medina read بِمَلْكِنَا — with fatḥa upon the mīm; the overwhelming majority of the Qurʾān-reciters of Kufa read بِمُلْكِنَا — with ḍamma upon the mīm; some of the people of Basra read بِمِلْكِنَا — with kasra. As for the fatḥa and the ḍamma: they have the same meaning, namely: by our power and our capacity — although the one is a verbal noun and the other is a noun. As for the kasra: it has the meaning of possessing something and its belonging to the owner.
The exegetes also differed over its interpretation. Some said: the meaning is: we did not break your promise of our own will.
Mention of those who said this:
ʿAlī related to me, he said: ʿAbdallāh related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His words مَا أَخْلَفْنَا مَوْعِدَكَ بِمَلْكِنَا : he says: by our will.
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us — and Al-Ḥārith related to me, he said: Al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning His words بِمَلْكِنَا : he said: by our will.
Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid — the same.
And others said: the meaning is: by our capacity.
Mention of those who said this:
Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda: قَالُوا مَا أَخْلَفْنَا مَوْعِدَكَ بِمَلْكِنَا — that is to say: by our capacity.
Mūsā related to us, he said: ʿAmr related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of Al-Suddī: قَالُوا مَا أَخْلَفْنَا مَوْعِدَكَ بِمَلْكِنَا — he says: by our capacity.
And others said: the meaning is: we did not break your promise of our own accord, but we could not restrain ourselves.
Mention of those who said this:
Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said, concerning His words مَا أَخْلَفْنَا مَوْعِدَكَ بِمَلْكِنَا : he says: of our own accord. He said: but three came to them, and with them was adornment which they had borrowed from the people of Pharaoh, and clothing.
Abū Jaʿfar says: All three of these opinions are related in their meaning, for of him who cannot restrain himself due to the dominance of his desire over what he is commanded, one may say in the language: so-and-so did this while he had no control over himself, and while he could not govern his deed, and while he could not endure abstaining from it. If that is so, it does not matter which of the three readings the reciter chooses. For whoever reads the mīm with kasra directs the meaning to: we did not break your promise while we had the fulfilling of it in our hands, but our desire overwhelmed us into breaking it — deriving it from the saying: "this is the possession (milk) of so-and-so" for what he possesses. And whoever reads the fatḥa directs the meaning to the same import, but makes of it a verbal noun from the saying: "I possessed something, I possess it as a possession (malkan) and malikatan," as one says: I overcame so-and-so as an overcoming (ghalban wa-ghalabatan). And whoever reads the ḍamma directs the meaning to: we did not break your promise through our power and our capacity — that is to say: while we were able to resist — for everyone who dominates something has acquired authority over it. Some have rejected the reading with ḍamma and said: what authority did the Children of Israel have at that time? For they were in Egypt weak and downtrodden. But he has missed the intent of the people and strayed far from their intent; the reciters with ḍamma did not intend the meaning that he thought to ascribe to them. Rather they intended that the meaning is: we did not break your promise with an authority that we had over ourselves to restrain ourselves from what they did, for their desire overwhelmed us in breaking your promise.
And His words وَلَكِنَّا حُمِّلْنَا أَوْزَارًا مِنْ زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ — that is to say: but we carried loads and burdens of the adornment of the people — meaning by that the adornments of the people of Pharaoh. This is indeed so: when Moses wished to lead the Children of Israel out of Egypt by night at the command of Allah, he ordered them to borrow the equipment and adornments of the people of Pharaoh, and said: Allah will make that come to you as war-booty. They did that and borrowed the adornments and equipment of their women. And that is their word to Moses, when he said to them: أَفَطَالَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْعَهْدُ أَمْ أَرَدْتُمْ أَنْ يَحِلَّ عَلَيْكُمْ غَضَبٌ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ فَأَخْلَفْتُمْ مَوْعِدِي * قَالُوا مَا أَخْلَفْنَا مَوْعِدَكَ بِمَلْكِنَا وَلَكِنَّا حُمِّلْنَا أَوْزَارًا مِنْ زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ .
In accordance with what we have said about this, the exegetes spoke.
Mention of those who said this:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, he said: My father related to me, he said: My uncle related to me, he said: My father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His words وَلَكِنَّا حُمِّلْنَا أَوْزَارًا مِنْ زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ — they are the adornments which the Children of Israel had with them of the adornments of the people of Pharaoh; he says: they reproached us for the fault of what we had acquired of the adornments of our enemy.
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us — and Al-Ḥārith related to me, he said: Al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: أَوْزَارًا — he said: loads — and مِنْ زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ — he said: they are the adornments which they had borrowed from the people of Pharaoh — they are the loads.
Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: وَلَكِنَّا حُمِّلْنَا أَوْزَارًا — he said: loads — مِنْ زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ — he said: their adornments.
Mūsā related to us, he said: ʿAmr related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of Al-Suddī: وَلَكِنَّا حُمِّلْنَا أَوْزَارًا مِنْ زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ — he says: of the adornments of the Copts.
Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said, concerning His words وَلَكِنَّا حُمِّلْنَا أَوْزَارًا مِنْ زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ : he said: the adornments which they had borrowed and the clothing — these are not in the least among sins; if they were sins, they would be a burden that we carry; but they are not in the least among sins.
The Qurʾān-reciters differed over the reading of this: the overwhelming majority of the Qurʾān-reciters of Medina and some of Mecca read حُمِّلْنَا — with ḍamma of the ḥāʾ and tashdīd of the mīm — in the meaning that Moses imposed that upon them. The overwhelming majority of the Qurʾān-reciters of Kufa, Basra, and some of Mecca read حَمَلْنَا — with shortening of the ḥāʾ and the mīm and fatḥa on both — in the meaning that they carried that without anyone having ordered them to carry it.
Abū Jaʿfar says: The most correct opinion in my view is that they are two well-known readings that are related in meaning, for the people carried it, and Moses had indeed ordered them to carry it. Whichever of the two a reciter reads, he has hit the mark.
And His words فَقَذَفْنَاهَا — that is to say: we cast those loads of the adornment of the people into the pit. فَكَذَلِكَ أَلْقَى السَّامِرِيُّ — that is to say: just as we cast those loads, so the Sāmirī cast what he had of the dust from the hoofprints of the horse of Jibrīl.
In accordance with what we have said about this, the exegetes spoke.
Mention of those who said this:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us — and Al-Ḥārith related to me, he said: Al-Ḥasan related to us, he said: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid concerning فَقَذَفْنَاهَا : he said: we cast it — فَكَذَلِكَ أَلْقَى السَّامِرِيُّ : so he did.
Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: Al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid: فَقَذَفْنَاهَا — he said: we cast it — فَكَذَلِكَ أَلْقَى السَّامِرِيُّ — so he did.
Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda: فَقَذَفْنَاهَا — that is to say: we cast it away.