Tafseer of The Cow · Al-Baqara · 2:54
And [recall] when Moses said to his people, "O my people, indeed you have wronged yourselves by your taking of the calf [for worship]. So repent to your Creator and kill yourselves. That is best for [all of] you in the sight of your Creator." Then He accepted your repentance; indeed, He is the Accepting of repentance, the Merciful.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discourse on the explanation of the saying of the Exalted, whose mention is exalted: وَإِذْ قَالَ مُوسَى لِقَوْمِهِ يَا قَوْمِ إِنَّكُمْ ظَلَمْتُمْ أَنْفُسَكُمْ بِاتِّخَاذِكُمُ الْعِجْلَ فَتُوبُوا إِلَى بَارِئِكُمْ فَاقْتُلُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ ذَلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ عِنْدَ بَارِئِكُمْ فَتَابَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِنَّهُ هُوَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ (54)
(And [recall] when Mūsā said to his people: "O my people, indeed you have wronged yourselves by your taking the calf [as a god]. So turn in repentance to your Creator and kill your own people. That is better for you in the sight of your Creator." Then He accepted your repentance. Indeed, He is the Accepter of repentance, the Merciful.) (2:54)
The explanation of this is: Remember likewise when Mūsā said to his people from among the Children of Israel: "O my people, indeed you have wronged yourselves." Their wronging of themselves consisted in this: that they did to themselves what was not permitted to them to do, namely that which imposed upon them the punishment of Allah the Exalted. Thus everyone who performs a deed by which he deserves the punishment of Allah the Exalted is one who wrongs himself, in that he brings upon himself the punishment of Allah the Exalted. And the deed which they performed and by which they wronged themselves was that which Allah has reported about them: their apostasy (ridda) in that they took the calf as a lord after Mūsā had left them.
Then Mūsā commanded them to turn back from their sin, and to turn in repentance to Allah from their apostasy, by showing repentance to Him and submitting to obedience to Him in that which He commanded them. And he informed them that their repentance from the sin which they had committed consisted in killing themselves.
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We have already shown earlier that the meaning of "repentance" (al-tawba) is the return from that which Allah detests to that which pleases Him in obedience to Him. (120)
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So the people responded to that which Mūsā commanded them, namely to show repentance for the sins they had committed against their Lord, in the manner that He commanded them, as in:
934 - Muḥammad ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar related to us, saying: Shuʿba ibn al-Ḥajjāj related to us, on the authority of Abū Isḥāq, on the authority of Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, that concerning this verse فاقتلوا أنفسكم ("and kill your own people") he said: "They seized the daggers, and one began to stab the other."
935 - ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad related to me, saying: Ḥajjāj ibn Muḥammad related to us, saying: Ibn Jurayj said: al-Qāsim ibn Abī Bazza informed me that he heard Saʿīd ibn Jubayr and Mujāhid say: "They rose up against one another with the daggers, one killing the other, no man having mercy on a man, whether he was a near relative or a distant one, until Mūsā waved with his garment [as a sign]. Then they cast down what was in their hands, and it turned out that there were seventy thousand slain. And Allah revealed to Mūsā: 'It is enough for Me, I have had enough!' And that was the moment when he waved with his garment."
936 - ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn al-Haytham related to me, saying: Ibrāhīm ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Sufyān ibn ʿUyayna related to us, saying: Abū Saʿīd said, on the authority of ʿIkrima, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: Mūsā said to his people: توبوا إلى بارئكم فاقتلوا أنفسكم ذلكم خير لكم عند بارئكم فتاب عليكم إنه هو التواب الرحيم ("Turn in repentance to your Creator and kill your own people; that is better for you in the sight of your Creator. Then He accepted your repentance. Indeed, He is the Accepter of repentance, the Merciful.") He said: Mūsā commanded his people — by the command of his Lord, Mighty and Exalted is He — that they should kill themselves. He said: Then those who had worshipped the calf sat down cross-legged, and those who had not worshipped the calf rose up and took the daggers in their hands. And a dense darkness overcame them, and one began to kill the other. Then the darkness withdrew from them, while they had left seventy thousand slain. Every one of them who was killed, for him there was repentance [accepted], and every one who remained, for him there was repentance [accepted].
937 - And Mūsā ibn Hārūn related to me, saying: ʿAmr ibn Ḥammād related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, on the authority of al-Suddī, who said: When Mūsā returned to his people, he said: يَا قَوْمِ أَلَمْ يَعِدْكُمْ رَبُّكُمْ وَعْدًا حَسَنًا ("O my people, did not your Lord make you a good promise") up to His words: فَكَذَلِكَ أَلْقَى السَّامِرِيُّ ("and thus did the Sāmirī cast [it]") [Ṭā Hā: 86-87]. Then Mūsā threw down the tablets and seized the head of his brother and pulled him towards himself. قَالَ يَا ابْنَ أُمَّ لا تَأْخُذْ بِلِحْيَتِي وَلا بِرَأْسِي إِنِّي خَشِيتُ أَنْ تَقُولَ فَرَّقْتَ بَيْنَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَلَمْ تَرْقُبْ قَوْلِي ("He said: O son of my mother, do not seize me by my beard, nor by my head; indeed, I feared that you would say: you have caused division among the Children of Israel and have not observed my word.") [Ṭā Hā: 94]. Then he left Hārūn alone and turned to the Sāmirī, and قَالَ فَمَا خَطْبُكَ يَا سَامِرِيُّ ("he said: What is your case, O Sāmirī?") up to His words: ثُمَّ لَنَنْسِفَنَّهُ فِي الْيَمِّ نَسْفًا ("then we shall surely scatter it in the sea, a thorough scattering") [Ṭā Hā: 95-97]. Then he took the [calf] and slaughtered it, then he burned it with the file, then he scattered it in the sea. And there did not remain that day any flowing sea but that something of it fell into it. Then Mūsā said to them: "Drink from it." They drank, and whoever loved the [calf], the gold appeared upon his moustache. And that is when He says: وَأُشْرِبُوا فِي قُلُوبِهِمُ الْعِجْلَ بِكُفْرِهِمْ ("and into their hearts was the love of the calf made to penetrate because of their disbelief") [al-Baqara: 93]. When the Children of Israel fell into despair when Mūsā came, and they saw that they had gone astray, they said: لَئِنْ لَمْ يَرْحَمْنَا رَبُّنَا وَيَغْفِرْ لَنَا لَنَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ ("If our Lord does not have mercy on us and forgive us, we shall surely be among the losers"). But Allah refused to accept the repentance of the Children of Israel except in the manner which they detested, namely that they should fight one another on account of their worship of the calf. Then Mūsā said to them: يا قوم إنكم ظلمتم أنفسكم باتخاذكم العجل فتوبوا إلى بارئكم فاقتلوا أنفسكم ("O my people, indeed you have wronged yourselves by your taking the calf; so turn in repentance to your Creator and kill your own people"). He said: Then they drew up in two ranks and fought one another with the swords. Those who had worshipped the [calf] and those who had not worshipped it fought one another with the swords, and every one of either group who was killed was a martyr, until the killing became great, until they were on the verge of perishing, until seventy thousand among them had been killed, and until Mūsā and Hārūn cried out: "Our Lord, the Children of Israel are perishing! Our Lord, spare the survivors, spare the survivors!" Then He commanded them to lay down the weapons, and He accepted their repentance. Thus every one who was killed was a martyr, and for every one who remained [the sin] was effaced. And those are His words: فتاب عليكم إنه هو التواب الرحيم ("Then He accepted your repentance; indeed, He is the Accepter of repentance, the Merciful").
938 - Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning the saying of Allah the Exalted باتخاذكم العجل ("by your taking the calf"), he said: Mūsā had commanded his people — by the command of his Lord — that one should kill the other with the daggers. So the man began to kill his father and to kill his child, and thereupon Allah accepted their repentance.
939 - And al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: باتخاذكم العجل ("by your taking the calf"), he said: Mūsā had commanded his people — by the command of his Lord — that one should kill the other, but that the man should not kill his father or his brother. And that reached, in one hour of the day, the number of seventy thousand.
940 - And al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Ādam related to us, saying: Abū Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya, concerning His saying: وإذ قال موسى لقومه يا قوم إنكم ظلمتم أنفسكم ("And [recall] when Mūsā said to his people: O my people, indeed you have wronged yourselves"), the verse, he said: They became two ranks, and one began to kill the other, until the slain reached what Allah willed. Then it was said to them: "The repentance is accepted, both of the killer and of the killed."
941 - Al-Muthannā related to us, saying: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: al-Layth related to me, saying: ʿUqayl related to me, on the authority of Ibn Shihāb, who said: When the Children of Israel were commanded to kill themselves, they went out with Mūsā among them, and they struck at one another with the swords and stabbed one another with the daggers, while Mūsā raised his hands. Until, when they grew weak, some of them came to him and said: "O prophet of Allah, pray to Allah for us." And they seized him by his upper arms and supported his hands. And their state remained thus, until Allah, when He accepted their repentance, withheld the hands of one from the other, and they laid down the weapons. And Mūsā and the Children of Israel grieved over the killing that had taken place among them. Then Allah, exalted is His praise, revealed to Mūsā: "What grieves you? As for those among you who have been killed, they are alive with Me and are provided for; and as for those who remained, their repentance I have accepted!" And Mūsā proclaimed that to the Children of Israel.
942 - Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of al-Zuhrī and Qatāda, concerning His saying: فاقتلوا أنفسكم ("and kill your own people"), he said: They stood up in two ranks, one killing the other, until it was said to them: "Stop." Qatāda said: It was martyrdom for the killed and repentance [acceptance] for the living.
943 - Al-Qāsim ibn al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn ibn Dāwūd related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, who said: ʿAṭāʾ said to me: I heard ʿUbayd ibn ʿUmayr say: They rose up against one another, one killing the other, the man caring not whether he killed his brother, nor his father, nor his son, nor anyone at all, until the [acceptance of] repentance was sent down.
Ibn Jurayj said: And Ibn ʿAbbās said: Their slain reached the number of seventy thousand, then Allah, Mighty and Exalted is He, lifted the killing from them and accepted their repentance. Ibn Jurayj said: They stood up in two ranks and fought one another, and Allah made the being killed a martyrdom for whoever of them was killed, and it was repentance [acceptance] for whoever remained. And the reason that one killed the other was that Allah knew that a number of them knew that the calf was falsehood, but that nothing prevented them from denouncing it except the fear of fighting. Therefore He commanded that one should kill the other.
944 - Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq, who said: When Mūsā returned to his people, burned the calf and scattered it in the sea, and went out to his Lord with those whom he had chosen from his people, and the thunderbolt struck them and they were then brought back to life — then Mūsā asked his Lord for the acceptance of repentance for the Children of Israel from the worship of the calf. But He said: "No, unless they kill themselves." He said: It has reached me that they said to Mūsā: "We shall patiently endure the command of Allah!" Then Mūsā commanded those who had not worshipped the calf to kill those who had worshipped it. These sat down in the open spaces [before the houses], and the people drew the swords against them, and they began to kill them. And Mūsā wept, and the women and children rushed to him and asked for mercy for them. Then He accepted their repentance and forgave them, and Mūsā commanded that the swords be lifted from them.
945 - Yūnus ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said: When Mūsā returned to his people, and there were seventy men who had separated themselves with Hārūn from the calf and had not worshipped it, Mūsā said to them: "Go to the appointed place with your Lord." They said: "O Mūsā, is there no repentance [possible]?" He said: "Indeed there is! اقتلوا أنفسكم ذلكم خير لكم عند بارئكم فتاب عليكم ('Kill your own people; that is better for you in the sight of your Creator. Then He accepted your repentance')," the verse. Then they drew the swords, the iron maces, the daggers and the knives. He said: And He sent a mist over them. He said: They began to feel for one another with the hands, and one killed the other. He said: The man came upon his father and his brother and killed him without knowing it, and they called out to one another therein: "May Allah have mercy on a servant who let himself be killed patiently until Allah attained His good pleasure." And he recited the saying of Allah, exalted is His praise: وَآتَيْنَاهُمْ مِنَ الآيَاتِ مَا فِيهِ بَلاءٌ مُبِينٌ ("And We gave them of the signs in which there was a clear trial") [al-Dukhān: 33]. He said: And their slain were martyrs, and the repentance of their living was accepted. And he recited: فتاب عليكم إنه هو التواب الرحيم ("Then He accepted your repentance; indeed, He is the Accepter of repentance, the Merciful").
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That which we have mentioned — on the authority of those from whom we have transmitted the reports which we have transmitted — was the repentance of the people for the sin which they had committed between themselves and their Lord, through their worship of the calf, together with their remorse for what they had previously done thereof.
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As for the meaning of His saying: فتوبوا إلى بارئكم ("so turn in repentance to your Creator"), by it He means: return to obedience to your Creator and to that with which He is pleased with you, as in:
946 - Al-Muthannā ibn Ibrāhīm related it to me, saying: Ādam related to us, saying: Abū Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya: فتوبوا إلى بارئكم ("turn in repentance to your Creator"), that is: to your Creator.
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It [the word bāriʾ] is derived from: "Allah created the creation (baraʾa), He creates it (yabraʾu-hu), and He is the Creator (bāriʾ)." And "al-barriyya" means: the creation. It is [a word of the form] "faʿīla" with the meaning of "mafʿūla" (passive object), except that it is not pronounced with a hamza. Just as "malik" (king) is not pronounced with a hamza, although it is derived from "laʾaka," but in usage is pronounced without a hamza in the same manner. Nābigha of [the tribe of] Banū Dhubyān said:
"Except Sulaymān, when the King (al-malīk) said to him: 'Arise amid the creation (al-barriyya) and restrain it from error.'"
And it has been said: "al-barriyya" is pronounced without a hamza only because it is [a word of the form] "faʿīla," derived from "al-barā," and al-barā is: the dust. It is as though the explanation of it, according to the view of whoever explains it thus, is that it was created from dust.
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And some of them said: "al-barriyya" is only derived from your saying "I trimmed the stick (baraytu al-ʿūda)." Therefore it is not pronounced with a hamza.
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Abū Jaʿfar said: The dropping of the hamza from "bāriʾi-kum" is permissible, and its replacement [by another sound] is also permissible. And if that is permissible in "bāriyi-kum," then it is not strange that "al-barriyya" is derived from: "Allah created the creation (barā Allāhu al-khalqa)" with the dropping of the hamza.
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As for His saying: ذلكم خير لكم عند بارئكم ("that is better for you in the sight of your Creator"), by it He means: your repentance through the killing of yourselves and your obedience to your Lord is better for you in the sight of your Creator, because thereby you are saved from the punishment of Allah in the Hereafter for your sin, and because thereby you earn the reward from Him.
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And His saying: فتاب عليكم ("then He accepted your repentance"), that is: through that which you did of what He had commanded you, namely that one of you should kill the other. And this belongs to that which is elided, where the manifest part suffices without the omitted part. For the meaning of the saying is: turn in repentance to your Creator and kill your own people; that is better for you in the sight of your Creator; then you showed repentance, and then He accepted your repentance. The mention of His saying "then you showed repentance" is elided, since in His saying فتاب عليكم ("then He accepted your repentance") there is a clear indication that the saying "then you showed repentance" is required.
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And by His saying فتاب عليكم ("then He accepted your repentance") He means: your Lord returned for you to that which you loved: the forgiving of your sins and the enormous [evil] which you had committed, and the excusing of your crime. إنه هو التواب الرحيم ("indeed, He is the Accepter of repentance, the Merciful") means: the One who returns to whoever turns in repentance to Him with obedience, [and turns] to that which He loves of forgiving him. And by "al-Raḥīm" (the Merciful) He means: the One who returns to him with His mercy that saves from His punishment.