Tafseer of The Cow · Al-Baqara · 2:190
Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The exposition of the explanation of His statement, exalted is He: وَقَاتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ وَلا تَعْتَدُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يُحِبُّ الْمُعْتَدِينَ (And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, and do not transgress. Truly, Allah does not love the transgressors) (190)
Abū Jaʿfar said: The exegetes differed concerning the explanation of this verse.
Some of them said: This verse is the first verse that was revealed concerning the command to the Muslims to fight the people of polytheism. They said: In it the Muslims were commanded to fight those of the polytheists who fought them, and to refrain from those who refrained from them. Then it was abrogated by "Barāʾa" [sūra al-Tawba].
Mention of those who said that:
3089 - Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Isḥāq related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Saʿd and Ibn Abī Jaʿfar related to us, from Abū Jaʿfar, from al-Rabīʿ concerning His statement: "And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, and do not transgress. Truly, Allah does not love the transgressors." He said: This is the first verse that was revealed concerning fighting in Medina. When it was revealed, the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) fought whoever fought him, and refrained from whoever refrained from him, until "Barāʾa" was revealed — and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān did not mention "Medina."
3090 - Yūnus related to me, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Ibn Zayd said concerning His statement: "And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you" to the end of the verse. He said: This has already been abrogated! And he recited the statement of Allah: وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّةً كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّةً (And fight the polytheists all together, just as they fight you all together) [sūra al-Tawba: 36], and this is the abrogating verse. And he recited: بَرَاءَةٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ (A disavowal from Allah and His Messenger) until he reached: فَإِذَا انْسَلَخَ الأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ فَاقْتُلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدْتُمُوهُمْ (And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them) until: إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (Truly, Allah is Forgiving, Merciful) [sūra al-Tawba: 1-5].
Others said: No, it is a command from Allah, exalted is His mention, to the Muslims to fight the disbelievers, which has not been abrogated. The transgression that Allah forbade them is His prohibition of killing women and children. They said: And the prohibition of killing them is a ruling whose judgment is still in force today. They said: Thus nothing of the ruling of this verse has been abrogated.
Mention of those who said that:
3091 - Sufyān ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: My father related to us, from Ṣadaqa al-Dimashqī, from Yaḥyā ibn Yaḥyā al-Ghassānī, he said: I wrote to ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz to ask him about His statement: "And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, and do not transgress. Truly, Allah does not love the transgressors." He said: He wrote back to me: "That concerns the women, the children, and whoever does not wage war against you among them."
3092 - Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, he said: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, he said: ʿĪsā related to us, from Ibn Abī Najīḥ, from Mujāhid concerning the statement of Allah, exalted is His mention: "And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you" — to the companions of Muḥammad (peace be upon him): they were commanded to fight the disbelievers.
3093 - Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, he said: Shibl related to us, from Ibn Abī Najīḥ, from Mujāhid — similar to it.
3094 - ʿAlī ibn Dāwūd related to me, he said: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, he said: Muʿāwiya related to me, from ʿAlī, from Ibn ʿAbbās: "And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, and do not transgress. Truly, Allah does not love the transgressors." He said: Do not kill women, nor children, nor the very old man, nor the one who offers you peace and withholds his hand. For if you do this, then you have indeed transgressed.
3095 - Ibn al-Barqī related to me, he said: ʿAmr ibn Abī Salama related to us, from Saʿīd ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, he said: ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz wrote to ʿAdī ibn Arṭāh: "I have found a verse in the Book of Allah: 'And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, and do not transgress. Truly, Allah does not love the transgressors' — that is to say: do not fight whoever does not fight you, namely: the women, the children, and the monks."
Abū Jaʿfar said: The most correct of these two statements is the statement that ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz made. For the claim of the one who claims that a verse is abrogated — while it is possible that it is not abrogated — without proof for the correctness of his claim, is arbitrariness. And arbitrariness is something that no one is incapable of.
We have already expounded the meaning of "abrogation" (naskh), and the basis upon which the correctness of abrogation is established, in a manner that makes it superfluous to repeat this here.
The explanation of the verse is then — if the matter is as we have described —: And fight, O believers, in the way of Allah — and His way is: His path which He has made clear, and His religion which He has prescribed for His servants. He says to them, exalted is His mention: Fight in obedience to Me and according to what I have prescribed for you of My religion, and call to that whoever has turned away from it and was arrogant toward it, with the hands and the tongues, until they return to obedience to Me, or they give you the jizyah in humility, if they are people of the Book. And He commanded them, exalted is His mention, to fight those from whom fighting issued among the combatants of the people of disbelief, to the exclusion of those from whom no fighting issued, namely their women and children, for they are possessions and servants for them when the combatants among them are overcome and subjugated. That is the meaning of His statement: "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you," for He permitted refraining from whoever refrained and did not fight among the polytheists who are idolaters, and from those among the disbelievers of the people of the Book who refrained from fighting the Muslims, on condition of paying the jizyah in humility.
The meaning of His statement "and do not transgress" is therefore: do not kill a newborn, nor a woman, nor whoever gives you the jizyah among the people of the two Books and the Magians. "Truly, Allah does not love the transgressors" — those who overstep His limits and permit themselves what Allah has forbidden them, namely the killing of those whose killing He has forbidden: the women of the polytheists and their children.