Tafseer of The Cow · Al-Baqara · 2:188
And do not consume one another's wealth unjustly or send it [in bribery] to the rulers in order that [they might aid] you [to] consume a portion of the wealth of the people in sin, while you know [it is unlawful].
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The exposition of the explanation of His statement, exalted is He: وَلا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ وَتُدْلُوا بِهَا إِلَى الْحُكَّامِ لِتَأْكُلُوا فَرِيقًا مِنْ أَمْوَالِ النَّاسِ بِالإِثْمِ وَأَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ (And do not consume one another's wealth among yourselves through falsehood, nor convey it [as bribes] to the judges in order to consume a portion of people's wealth through sin, while you know) (188)
Abū Jaʿfar said: He means thereby, exalted is His mention: let not one of you consume the wealth of another through falsehood. Thus He, exalted is His mention, made the one who consumes the wealth of his brother through falsehood equal to the one who consumes his own wealth through falsehood.
The equivalent of this is His statement, exalted is He: وَلا تَلْمِزُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ (And do not slander your own selves) [sūrat al-Ḥuǧurāt: 11] and His statement: وَلا تَقْتُلُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ (And do not kill your own selves) [sūrat al-Nisāʾ: 29] with the meaning: let not one of you slander another, and let not one of you kill another — because Allah, exalted is His mention, made the believers brothers, so that the killer of his brother is as the killer of himself, and his slanderer as the slanderer of himself. And thus the Arabs do: they use a circumlocution for themselves by [reference to] their brothers, and for their brothers by [reference to] themselves. They say: "My brother and your brother, which of us is stronger" — meaning: I and you wrestle, and then we see which of us is mightier — and thus the speaker uses a circumlocution for himself by [reference to] his brother, because the brother of a man is, with them, as himself. And of this is the verse of the poet:
My brother and your brother in the valley of al-Nusayr, there is none of Maʿadd present therein.
So the explanation of the text is: let not one of you consume the wealth of another among yourselves through falsehood.
And "consuming it through falsehood" is: consuming it in a manner that Allah has not permitted for those who consume it.
As for His statement: "nor convey it to the judges" — He means thereby: and do not litigate therewith — that is: with your wealth — before the judges, "in order to consume a portion" — a part — of people's wealth through sin, while you know.
And He means by His statement "through sin": through the forbidden which Allah has declared forbidden to you. "While you know" — that is: while you deliberately consume that through sin, with premeditation regarding that which Allah has declared forbidden to you of it, and in the knowledge that your deed is disobedience to Allah and sin. As [in the following]:
3059 - Al-Muthanná related to me, saying: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya ibn Ṣāliḥ related to me, from ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭalḥa, from Ibn ʿAbbās: "And do not consume one another's wealth among yourselves through falsehood, nor convey it to the judges" — this is about the man who owes a debt, and there is no proof against him, and he denies the property, and he litigates over it before the judges while he knows that the right is against him, and he knows that he is sinful: one who consumes forbidden property.
3060 - Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us, from Ibn Abī Naǧīḥ, from Muǧāhid concerning the statement of Allah: "nor convey it to the judges" — he said: do not litigate while you are the wrongdoer.
3061 - Al-Muthanná related to me, saying: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, saying: Shibl related to us, from Ibn Abī Naǧīḥ, from Muǧāhid — the same.
3062 - Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, from Qatāda concerning His statement: "And do not consume one another's wealth among yourselves through falsehood, nor convey it to the judges" — and it was said: whoever proceeds with his adversary while wronging him is sinful until he returns to the right. And know, O son of Adam, that the judgment of the judge does not make the forbidden permissible for you, and does not make falsehood into right for you. The judge judges only according to what he sees and what the witnesses testify to, and the judge is a human being who errs and gets it right. And know that whoever obtains a judgment on the basis of falsehood, his dispute is not concluded until Allah brings them both together on the Day of Resurrection, and then judges in favor of the righteous against the falsifier, with something better than that with which judgment was given in favor of the falsifier against the righteous in the life of this world.
3063 - Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, from Qatāda concerning His statement: "nor convey it to the judges" — he said: do not cast the wealth of your brother before the judge while you know that you are a wrongdoer, for his judgment does not make permissible for you anything that was forbidden to you.
3064 - Mūsā ibn Hārūn related to me, saying: ʿAmr ibn Ḥammād related to us, saying: Asbāṭ related to us, from al-Suddī: "And do not consume one another's wealth among yourselves through falsehood, nor convey it to the judges in order to consume a portion of people's wealth through sin, while you know" — as for "the falsehood": he says: the man among you wrongs his companion, and then litigates against him to cut off his wealth while he knows that he is a wrongdoer. That is His statement: "nor convey it to the judges."
3065 - Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Khālid al-Wāsiṭī related to me, from Dāwūd ibn Abī Hind, from ʿIkrima concerning His statement: "And do not consume one another's wealth among yourselves through falsehood" — he said: this is the man who buys a commodity and returns it, and returns money along with it.
3066 - Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning His statement: "And do not consume one another's wealth among yourselves through falsehood, nor convey it to the judges" — he says: he is more eloquent than the other and more skilled in adducing proof, and then litigates against him over his wealth through falsehood in order to consume his wealth through falsehood. And he recited: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ إِلا أَنْ تَكُونَ تِجَارَةً عَنْ تَرَاضٍ مِنْكُمْ (O you who believe, do not consume one another's wealth among yourselves through falsehood, except when it is trade by mutual consent among you) [sūrat al-Nisāʾ: 29] — he said: this is the gambling with which the people of the ǧāhiliyya used to deal.
The origin of "al-idlāʾ" (the lowering) is: the letting down by a man of the bucket into a well, fastened to a rope. Thus it is said of the one who argues for his claim: "he adduced as argument such and such" — when his argument with which he argues is a means for him to which he clings in his dispute, like the clinging of one who draws water from a well to a bucket which he has lowered into it by the rope to which the bucket is fastened. One says of both — I mean both of adducing proof and of lowering the bucket into the well with a rope: "so-and-so adduced his argument (adlā), and he adduces it (yudlī), as adducing (idlāʾ) — and he lowered his bucket (adlā) into the well, and he lowers it (yudlīhā), as lowering (idlāʾ)."
As for His statement "nor convey it to the judges": therein are two grammatical possibilities:
The first is that His statement "wa-tudlū" is in the apocopate (ǧazm), as a conjunction upon His statement "and do not consume one another's wealth among yourselves through falsehood" — that is: and do not convey it to the judges. And it has been mentioned that it is thus in the reading of Ubayy, with repetition of the prohibitive particle: "and do not convey it to the judges."
The second possibility is the accusative (naṣb) on the basis of the turning-aside (ṣarf), and the meaning is then: do not consume one another's wealth among yourselves through falsehood while you convey it to the judges — as the poet said:
Do not forbid a trait and then do the like of it, a disgrace upon you if you do it, a tremendous one.
That is: do not forbid a trait while you do the like of it.
And that it be in the position of the apocopate — as mentioned in the reading of Ubayy — is better than that it should be in the accusative.