Tafseer of The Cow · Al-Baqara · 2:183
O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous -
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The exposition of the explanation of His word, exalted is He: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ (O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may become God-fearing) (183)
Abū Jaʿfar said: By His word, exalted is His mention, "O you who believe," He means: O you who believe in Allah and His Messenger, and who have affirmed and acknowledged them both. (14)
And by His word "fasting is prescribed for you" He means: fasting is made obligatory upon you. (15)
And "al-ṣiyām" (fasting) is a maṣdar (verbal noun), from the saying of one who says: "ṣumtu ʿan kadhā wa-kadhā" — that is: I abstained from it — "aṣūmu ʿanhu ṣawman wa-ṣiyāman." And the meaning of "al-ṣiyām" is: abstaining from that which Allah has commanded one to abstain from. From this it is also said: "ṣāmat al-khayl" (the horses fasted), when they ceased from travelling. And from this is the saying of al-Nābigha of the Banū Dhubyān:
Horses fasting, and horses not fasting, beneath the dust, and others champing at their bits. (16)
And from this is the word of Allah, exalted is His mention: إِنِّي نَذَرْتُ لِلرَّحْمَنِ صَوْمًا (Verily, I have vowed to the Most Merciful a fast) [Sūrat Maryam: 26], that is: silence from speaking.
And His word "as it was prescribed for those before you" means: it is made obligatory upon you equal to that which was made obligatory upon those before you.
Abū Jaʿfar said: The exegetes then differed concerning those whom Allah meant by His word "as it was prescribed for those before you," and concerning the sense in which the comparison was made between the obligation of our fasting and the fasting of those before us.
Some of them said: Those of whom Allah informed us that the fasting which He made obligatory upon us was equal to that which rested upon them are the Christians. And they said: The comparison by which the one was compared with the other is their correspondence in time and amount that was imposed upon us today as an obligation.
Mention of who said that:
2720 — It has been related to me from Yaḥyā ibn Ziyād, from Muḥammad ibn Abān [al-Qurashī], from Abū Umayya al-Ṭanāfisī, from al-Shaʿbī, that he said: If I were to fast the entire year, I would still break the fast on the day about which there is doubt, of which it is said: it is of Shaʿbān, and it is said: it is of Ramaḍān. And that is because the Christians were obligated with the month of Ramaḍān as it was obligated upon us, but they transferred it to the [moderate] season. And that was because they sometimes fasted in the heat; they counted thirty days. (17) Then a generation came after them who took certainty for themselves, and they fasted one day before the thirty days and one day after them. Then each successive [generation] kept adopting the practice of the generation before it, until it became fifty. (18) And that is His word: "Fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you." (19)
And others said: The comparison is only because of the fact that their fasting was from the evening prayer to the evening prayer. And that was the obligation of Allah, exalted is His praise, upon the believers in the beginning when He made fasting obligatory upon them. And the proponents of this saying agreed with the proponents of the first saying: that those whom Allah, exalted is His praise, meant by His word "as it was prescribed for those before you" are the Christians.
Mention of who said that:
2721 — Mūsā ibn Hārūn related to me, he said: ʿAmr ibn Ḥammād related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, from al-Suddī: "O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you" — as for those before us: they are the Christians. Ramaḍān was prescribed for them, and it was prescribed for them that they not eat and not drink after sleeping, and not have intercourse with women in the month of Ramaḍān. The fasting of Ramaḍān was burdensome for the Christians, and it shifted for them between winter and summer. When they saw that, they gathered together and made a fast in the season between winter and summer, and they said: we shall add twenty days as expiation for what we have done! Thus they made their fast fifty. The Muslims continued to do that as the Christians did it, until there happened with Abū Qays ibn Ṣirma and ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb what happened, (20) after which Allah permitted them to eat, drink, and have intercourse until the break of dawn.
2722 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Isḥāq related to us, he said: Ibn Abī Jaʿfar related to us, from his father, from al-Rabīʿ: "Fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you," he said: fasting was prescribed for them from the night prayer to the night prayer.
And others said: Those whom Allah, exalted is His praise, meant by His word "as it was prescribed for those before you" are the People of the Book.
Mention of who said that:
2723 — Al-Muthannā related to me, he said: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, he said: Shibl related to us, from Ibn Abī Najīḥ, from Mujāhid: "O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you" — the People of the Book.
And some of them said: Rather, that applied to all people.
Mention of who said that:
2724 — Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, he said: Maʿmar informed us, from Qatāda, concerning His word: "Fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you," he said: The month of Ramaḍān was prescribed for the people, as it was prescribed for those before them. He said: And Allah, before Ramaḍān was sent down, had prescribed for the people the fasting of three days of every month.
2725 — Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, from Qatāda, concerning His word: "O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you" — Ramaḍān; Allah prescribed it for those who were before them.
Abū Jaʿfar said: And the most correct of these sayings is the saying of the one who said: The meaning of the verse is:
O you who believe, fasting is made obligatory upon you as it was made obligatory upon those before you of the People of the Book, "a fixed number of days," and that is the entire month of Ramaḍān. For whoever came after Ibrāhīm, peace be upon him, was commanded to follow Ibrāhīm, and that is because Allah, exalted is His praise, had made him a leader for the people. And Allah, mighty and exalted is He, informed us that his religion was the pure submission to Allah, and He commanded our Prophet, peace be upon him, with the same as that which He had commanded the prophets before him.
As for the comparison: it falls upon the time. And that is because those before us were obligated with the month of Ramaḍān, equal to that which was obligated upon us, exactly the same.
And as for the explanation of His word "that you may become God-fearing": by it He means: that you may abstain from eating food, drinking drink, and intercourse with women therein. (21) He says: Fasting and abstaining from that by which — through the omission of that abstinence — you would break the fast, is made obligatory upon you, that you may abstain from what breaks your fasting during the time of your fasting.
And similar to what we have said concerning this, a group of the exegetes said.
Mention of who said that:
2726 — Mūsā related to me, he said: ʿAmr related to us, he said: Asbāṭ related to us, from al-Suddī: As for His word "that you may become God-fearing," he says: so that you may abstain from food, drink, and women, as those abstained — that is: as the Christians before you abstained.