Tafseer of The Cow · Al-Baqara · 2:170
And when it is said to them, "Follow what Allah has revealed," they say, "Rather, we will follow that which we found our fathers doing." Even though their fathers understood nothing, nor were they guided?
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the words of the Exalted: وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ اتَّبِعُوا مَا أَنْـزَلَ اللَّهُ قَالُوا بَلْ نَتَّبِعُ مَا أَلْفَيْنَا عَلَيْهِ آبَاءَنَا أَوَلَوْ كَانَ آبَاؤُهُمْ لا يَعْقِلُونَ شَيْئًا وَلا يَهْتَدُونَ (170)
(And when it is said to them: "Follow what Allah has sent down," they say: "No, we follow that upon which we found our forefathers." Even though their forefathers understood nothing and were not guided? (170))
Abū Jaʿfar says: In this verse there are two possible ways of explanation.
The first: that the "hā and mīm" (the pronoun "them") in His words "and when it is said to them" refer back to "who" (man) in His words وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يَتَّخِذُ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ أَنْدَادًا (And among the people are those who take besides Allah equals). Then the meaning of the words would be: and among the people are those who take besides Allah equals, and when it is said to them: "Follow what Allah has sent down," they say: "No, we follow that upon which we found our forefathers."
The second: that the "hā and mīm" which occur in His words "and when it is said to them" refer to "the people" (al-nās) who are mentioned in His words يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ كُلُوا مِمَّا فِي الأَرْضِ حَلالا طَيِّبًا (O people, eat of what is lawful and good on the earth). Then this would be a transition from direct address to a report about an absent party, as in the words of the Exalted, whose remembrance is exalted: حَتَّى إِذَا كُنْتُمْ فِي الْفُلْكِ وَجَرَيْنَ بِهِمْ بِرِيحٍ طَيِّبَةٍ (Until, when you are aboard the ships and they sail with them with a favorable wind) [Surah Yūnus: 22].
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Abū Jaʿfar says: What in my view most accords with correctness and is most suitable for the explanation of the verse is that the "hā and mīm" in His words "to them" refer to "the people" (al-nās), and that this is a return from direct address to a report about an absent party. For this comes directly after His words يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ كُلُوا مِمَّا فِي الأَرْضِ (O people, eat of what is on the earth). That it is therefore a report about them is more suitable than that it would be a report about those of whom He informed that among them are some who مَنْ يَتَّخِذُ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ أَنْدَادًا (take besides Allah equals), in view of the verses that lie between the two and the fact that the account about them is interrupted by a new, different account — and in view of the fact that the verse was sent down concerning a people of the Arabs [in the correct reading: the Arabs of the Jāhiliyyah who forbade for themselves what they forbade], who said that when they were invited to Islam, as:
2446 — Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama ibn al-Faḍl related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Abī Muḥammad, on the authority of ʿIkrima, or on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ called the Jews of the People of the Book to Islam, and exhorted them to it, and warned them of the punishment of Allah and His vengeance. Then Rāfiʿ ibn Khārija and Mālik ibn ʿAwf said to him: "No, we follow that upon which we found our forefathers, for they were more knowledgeable and better than us!" Then Allah sent down concerning that, regarding their statement: "And when it is said to them: 'Follow what Allah has sent down,' they say: 'No, we follow that upon which we found our forefathers.' Even though their forefathers understood nothing and were not guided?"
2447 — Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Yūnus ibn Bukayr related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq related to us, saying: Muḥammad ibn Abī Muḥammad, the freedman (mawlā) of Zayd ibn Thābit, related to me, saying: Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, or ʿIkrima, related to me, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, the like of it — except that he said: Then Abū Rāfiʿ ibn Khārija and Mālik ibn ʿAwf said to him.
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As for the explanation of His words "Follow what Allah has sent down": this means: act according to what Allah has sent down in His Book to His Messenger; so declare lawful what He makes lawful, and forbid what He forbids, and make it a leader (imām) whom you follow and a guide whose rulings you follow.
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And His words "that upon which we found our forefathers (alfaynā)" mean: we found, as the poet said:
Thus I found him, neither seeking forgiveness, nor remembering Allah, except a little.
That is to say: I found him; and as:
2448 — Bishr ibn Muʿādh related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda: "they say: 'No, we follow that upon which we found our forefathers'" — that is to say: that upon which we found our forefathers.
2449 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Isḥāq related to us, saying: Ibn Abī Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ, the like of it.
Abū Jaʿfar says: The meaning of the verse is therefore: and when it is said to these unbelievers (kuffār): eat of what Allah has made lawful for you, and leave the footsteps of Satan and his path behind you, and act according to what Allah has sent down to His Prophet ﷺ in His Book — then they show arrogance and refuse to submit to the truth, and they say: "No, we follow the example of our forefathers and follow that upon which we found them, namely the making lawful of what they made lawful and the forbidding of what they forbade."
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Allah, whose remembrance is exalted, says: "Even though their forefathers were" — that is to say: the forefathers of these unbelievers, who have passed away in their disbelief in Allah the Mighty — "who understood nothing" of the religion of Allah, nor of His obligations, His command and His prohibition, so that they should be followed upon the path they trod and their example be taken in their deeds — "and who were not guided" to the right path (rushd), so that others would let themselves be guided by them and whoever seeks the religion and desires the truth and rightness would follow their example?
Allah, whose remembrance is exalted, says to these unbelievers: How can you, O people, follow that upon which you found your forefathers, and thereby leave behind what your Lord commands you, while your forefathers understood nothing of the command of Allah, and did not find the truth, and did not reach the right path? For whoever follows, follows only one who has knowledge of the matter and who himself puts it into practice; but as for the ignorant — no one follows him in that of which he is ignorant, except one who has no understanding and no discernment.