Tafseer of The Cave · Al-Kahf · 18:94
They said, "O Dhul-Qarnayn, indeed Gog and Magog are [great] corrupters in the land. So may we assign for you an expenditure that you might make between us and them a barrier?"
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The discussion of the explanation of His word: إِنَّ يَأْجُوجَ وَمَأْجُوجَ مُفْسِدُونَ فِي الأرْضِ (Indeed, Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj are spreaders of corruption upon the earth)
The reciters differed over the reading of His word إِنَّ يَأْجُوجَ وَمَأْجُوجَ . The reciters of the Hijaz, Iraq, and elsewhere read: "Yājūj and Mājūj" without hamza, on the pattern fāʿūl derived from yajajtu and majajtu; they regard the two alifs as added letters — with the exception of ʿĀṣim ibn Abī al-Najūd and al-Aʿraj, of whom it is reported that they read the word with hamza in both names and regarded the hamza as part of the original root; evidently they treated Yaʾjūj as yafʿūl of ajjajtu, and Maʾjūj as mafʿūl.
The reading that in our view is the correct reading is that of Yājūj and Mājūj with alif and without hamza — because of the authoritative consensus of the reciters concerning this and because this is the current expression upon the tongues of the Arabs. To this belongs the word of Ruʾba ibn al-ʿAjjāj:
"Were Yājūj and Mājūj present together, and ʿĀd, and did they return, and did they call upon Tubbaʿ."
They are two peoples behind the dam.
As for His word: مُفْسِدُونَ فِي الأرْضِ — the exegetes differed over the nature of the corruption with which Allah described these two peoples. Some said: they used to eat people.
Mention of who said that:
Aḥmad ibn al-Walīd al-Ramlī related to us, he said: Ibrāhīm ibn Ayyūb al-Khūzānī related to us, he said: al-Walīd ibn Muslim related to us, he said: I heard Saʿīd ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz say concerning His word إِنَّ يَأْجُوجَ وَمَأْجُوجَ مُفْسِدُونَ فِي الأرْضِ : "they used to eat people."
Others said: rather the meaning of this is that Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj will in the future spread corruption upon the earth, not that they were doing so at that time.
Mention of who said that, and the description of how Dhū al-Qarnayn followed the means that Allah mentions in this verse, and the reason for the building of the dam:
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Salama related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq related to us: someone who transmitted the traditions of the non-Arabs from the People of the Book — among them those who had accepted Islam — from what they inherited of the knowledge about Dhū al-Qarnayn, related to me that Dhū al-Qarnayn was a man from Egypt, whose name was Marzabā ibn Mardaba al-Yūnānī, belonging to the progeny of Yūnan ibn Yāfith ibn Nūḥ.
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Salama related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq related to me, on the authority of Thawr ibn Yazīd, on the authority of Khālid ibn Maʿdān al-Kalāʿī — and Khālid was a man who had encountered the people — that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was asked about Dhū al-Qarnayn and he said: "A king who traversed the earth beneath its surface along the means (asbāb)." Khālid said: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb heard a man say: "O Dhū al-Qarnayn!" — whereupon he said: "O Allah, forgive! Are you not content to be named after the names of prophets, until you also wish to bear the names of angels? If the Messenger of Allah said this, then what he said is the truth, and whatever contradicts it is falsehood."
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Salama related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq related to us: someone of whom I am not suspicious related to me about Wahb ibn Munabbih al-Yamānī — and this one had knowledge of the former traditions — that he used to say: "Dhū al-Qarnayn was a man from the Byzantines, the son of an old woman among their old women, who had no other children but him; his name was Alexander. He was called Dhū al-Qarnayn (the Two-Horned) because the two sides of his head were of copper. When he came of age and was a righteous servant, Allah the Almighty and Exalted said to him: 'O Dhū al-Qarnayn, I shall send you to the peoples of the earth; they are peoples with different languages and encompass all the inhabitants of the earth. Among them are two peoples that separate the entire length of the earth from each other, two peoples that separate the entire breadth of the earth from each other, and a people in the middle of the earth, to which belong the jinn, mankind, Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj. As for the two peoples separated by the entire length of the earth: one people is at the setting of the sun, called Nāsik; the other at the rising, called Mansik. As for the two peoples separated by the entire breadth of the earth: one people is in the right corner of the earth, called Hāwīl; the other in the left corner, called Tāwīl.'"
After Allah had spoken this to him, Dhū al-Qarnayn said: "My God, You have called me to an immense matter that none can estimate at its true worth besides You. Tell me about these peoples to whom You send me: with what strength shall I fight them, with what host shall I outnumber them, with what stratagem shall I outwit them, with what patience shall I endure them, in what language shall I address them, how shall I understand their tongues, with what hearing shall I catch their words, with what sight shall I see through them, with what proof shall I contend with them, with what intellect shall I comprehend them, with what wisdom shall I manage their affairs, with what justice shall I judge between them, with what forbearance shall I bear with them, with what knowledge shall I set their affairs right, with what hand shall I tackle them, with what foot shall I tread upon them, with what strength shall I overcome them, with what army shall I fight them, with what kindness shall I win them over? For I possess nothing of all this, O my God, that can master them, nor anything that can withstand them or that is equal to it. You are the Merciful Lord who burdens no soul beyond what it can bear, lays upon it no load it cannot carry, causes it no hardship and does not torment it, but on the contrary treats it with gentleness and is merciful to it."
Allah the Almighty and Exalted said: "I shall strengthen you for what I have imposed upon you: I shall expand your breast so that it encompasses everything; I shall expand your understanding so that you comprehend everything; I shall make your tongue supple so that you can pronounce everything; I shall open your hearing so that you take in everything; I shall extend your sight so that you see through everything; I shall manage your affairs so that you perfect everything; I shall keep an inventory of it for you so that nothing escapes you; I shall guard it for you so that nothing escapes your gaze; I shall strengthen your back so that nothing breaks you; I shall strengthen your support so that nothing overpowers you; I shall strengthen your heart so that nothing frightens you; I shall subjugate light and darkness for you and make them two armies of your armies: the light shall guide you ahead of you, and the darkness shall envelop you from behind and guard you all around; I shall strengthen your intellect so that nothing disquiets you; I shall extend before you, ahead of you, so that you rise above everything; I shall strengthen your grip so that you overthrow everything; and I shall clothe you with awe so that nothing dares to approach you."
After this had been said to him, he set out toward the people at the setting of the sun. When he reached them, he found a host and a number that none but Allah can count, a strength and might that none but Allah can withstand, different languages, divergent desires, and divided hearts. When he saw this, he overwhelmed them with the darkness: he pitched three armies of it around them, which encircled them from every direction and drove them together until he had gathered them into one place. Then he tackled them with the light, called them to Allah and to His worship. Of them some believed him, and others turned away. He turned to those who turned away from him and let the darkness loose upon them; it entered their mouths, noses, ears, and bowels, penetrated their houses and dwellings, enveloped them from above, from below, and from all sides, so that they went back and forth within it and lost their way. When they feared they would perish within it, they all called upon him at once; he drove the darkness away from them and seized them by force, so that they answered his call. Thus he assembled from the West immense armies and made them into one army, which he led, while the darkness drove them forward from behind and guarded them all around, and the light went ahead of them to lead them.
He marched along the right flank of the earth and wished to reach the people in the right corner, called Hāwīl. Allah subjugated for him his hand, his heart, his judgment, his intellect, his gaze, and his authority, so that he did not fail when he decided anything, and when he did anything he carried it out to perfection. He led those peoples along and they followed him. Whenever he reached a sea or fordable place, he built ships of small planks the size of sandals, which he strung together in an hour; in them he placed all his peoples and armies. When he crossed rivers and seas, he took them apart and gave each person a plank that did not trouble him to carry. This remained his practice until he reached Hāwīl and acted within it as he had done with Nāsik. When he had finished with that, he continued his way along the right flank of the earth until he reached Mansik at the rising of the sun; within it he acted and assembled armies, as he had done with the two previous peoples. Then he returned along the left flank of the earth toward Tāwīl, the people opposite Hāwīl, with the breadth of the entire earth lying between them. When he reached this, he acted within it and assembled armies, as he had done with the previous peoples. After he had finished with that, he turned toward the peoples in the middle of the earth — the jinn, the rest of mankind, Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj.
When he was on a part of the road that bordered the end of the Turkish territory in the direction of the East, a people of righteous folk said to him: "O Dhū al-Qarnayn, between these two mountains there is a creation of Allah — and many of them resemble humans — they are like beasts: they eat grass, prey upon animals and wild beasts like ravening predators, and they eat all the vermin of the earth: snakes, scorpions, and everything alive that Allah has created on earth. No creature of Allah grows so quickly in one year as they do, and nothing increases as they increase, nor becomes as numerous as they. If they are granted this pace of growth and increase for some time longer — as we now see — they will without doubt fill the earth, drive out its inhabitants, rule over it, and spread corruption within it. Not a year passes since we have been their neighbors without our expecting them and watching for the moment when their vanguard will appear between these two mountains. فَهَلْ نَجْعَلُ لَكَ خَرْجًا عَلَى أَنْ تَجْعَلَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُمْ سَدًّا * قَالَ مَا مَكَّنِّي فِيهِ رَبِّي خَيْرٌ فَأَعِينُونِي بِقُوَّةٍ أَجْعَلْ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ رَدْمًا Bring me rocks, iron, and copper, so that I may reconnoiter their lands, gain knowledge of them, and measure the distance between their two mountains."
Then he set out and penetrated their territory until he arrived among them and stood in their midst. He found them all of equal size — men as well as women — each of them as tall as half of an averagely built man among us. They have claws in the places where we have nails, molars and canine teeth like those of predators, and jaws like those of camels. They possess such strength that one can hear the sound of their chewing, like the rumination of camels or the chewing of a robust stallion or a strong horse. They are hairy; over their bodies grows so much hair that it covers them and protects them against heat and cold. Each of them has two large ears: one is covered with woolly hair on its inner and outer side, the other is downy on both sides. Each ear is large enough to clothe him: one he uses as a cloak and the other as a sleeping mat, in the one he spends the summer and in the other the winter. None of their men or women dies before his appointed time and the end of his life span is reached, and that is because no male person dies without a thousand children having issued from his loins, and no female person dies before a thousand children have come from her womb; when that has happened, he has the certainty of his approaching death. In the days of spring they are provided with a dragon and they call upon it when it is the time for it, just as we call for rain in its season; they cast out one of them every year, which they eat throughout the entire year until the same time in the following year, which is sufficient for them despite their great numbers and growth. When they receive rain, enjoy fertility, live in prosperity, and are fattened, and this is visible upon them, the females give milk in abundance and the males are seized by desire; when this is denied them, they grow lean and suffer from drought, the males become infertile and the females cease to bring forth, and this is visible upon them. They allure one another as doves coo, they howl like dogs, and they mate wherever they meet one another like beasts.
When Dhū al-Qarnayn had seen all this of them, he returned to the area between the two mountain walls; he measured the distance between them — it was at the end of the Turkish territory on the side of the rising of the sun — and found that the distance between them was a hundred parasangs. When he began his work, he dug a foundation until it reached the water. Then he made it fifty parasangs wide, filled it with rocks, and used molten copper as mortar that was poured and cast upon it; thus it became like a vein of a mountain beneath the earth. Then he built it up and crowned it with bars of iron and molten copper, and placed between them a vein of yellow copper; thus it became like an embroidered cloak through the yellowness of copper, its redness, and the black color of the iron.
After he had finished with that and completed it, he marched toward the hosts of men and jinn. While he was on his way, he came upon a righteous people who took the right as their guide and were just according to it. He found a moderate and just people: they divided on an equal footing, ruled with justice, supported one another and were merciful to one another. Their condition was one, their word was one, their characters were alike, their way of life was upright, their hearts were in harmony, their conduct was good. Their graves were at the doors of their houses, and upon their houses there were no doors. There were no rulers over them, no judges among them, no rich men or kings or nobles; they did not differ in opinion, they did not contend for superiority, they did not quarrel, they did not bicker, they did not abuse, they did not fight; they suffered no drought, they had no conflicts, and the calamities that strike people did not strike them. They were the longest-lived of people, and there was no poor man, no needy man, no rough man, no hard-hearted man among them.
When Dhū al-Qarnayn saw this of their circumstances, he was astonished and said: "Tell me, people, your condition; I have traversed the entire earth — its land and its sea, its East and its West, its light and its darkness — but I found none like you. Tell me your condition." They said: "Certainly, ask us what you wish." He said: "Tell me, why are the graves of your dead at the doors of your houses?" They said: "We did that deliberately, so that we would not forget death and its remembrance would never leave our hearts." He said: "Why are there no doors on your houses?" They said: "There is no one among us who is suspect; there is none of us who is not trustworthy and reliable." He said: "Why are there no rulers over you?" They said: "We do one another no injustice." He said: "Why are there no judges among you?" They said: "We do not quarrel." He said: "Why are there no rich men among you?" They said: "We do not compete in amassing wealth." He said: "Why are there no kings among you?" They said: "We are not arrogant toward one another." He said: "Why do you not quarrel and differ in opinion?" They said: "Because of the harmony of our hearts and the goodness in our mutual dealings." He said: "Why do you not abuse one another and fight?" They said: "Because we have overcome our inclinations through resolve and have governed ourselves through self-control." He said: "Why is your word one and your way of life upright and even?" They said: "Because we do not lie, do not deceive, and do not backbite one another." He said: "Tell me, how did your hearts come to resemble one another and your conduct become moderate?" They said: "Our breast became sound, so that rancor and envy were removed from our hearts." He said: "Why are there no poor and no needy among you?" They said: "Because we divide on an equal footing." He said: "Why are there no rough men and no hard-hearted men among you?" They said: "Because of humility and modesty." He said: "What has made you the longest-lived of people?" They said: "Because we observe the right and rule justly." He said: "Why do you suffer no drought?" They said: "We do not cease to ask for forgiveness." He said: "Why do you have no conflicts?" They said: "Because we have prepared ourselves for trials from the very beginning, loved them and striven for them — so that we are delivered from them." He said: "Why do the calamities not strike you as they strike people?" They said: "We rely on none but Allah, and we do not act according to the signs of the heavenly bodies and the stars." He said: "Tell me, is this how you found your fathers acting?" They said: "Yes, we found our fathers merciful to their poor, giving aid to their needy, forgiving whoever wronged them, doing good to whoever did them evil, patient with whoever treated them ignorantly, asking forgiveness for whoever abused them, maintaining their family ties, fulfilling their trusts (amānāt), keeping their times for prayer, keeping their promises, and being honest in their promises; they did not deviate from their peers and were not ashamed before their kin. Through this Allah set their affairs right, protected them as long as they lived, and it was a right upon Allah to protect them in their bequest."
Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of Abū Rāfiʿ, on the authority of Abū Hurayra, on the authority of the Prophet of Allah ﷺ, who said: "Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj dig at the dam every day, until when they are almost able to see the glimmer of the sun, the one appointed over them says: 'Return, you will dig further tomorrow.' Then Allah restores it as it was on the day they left it — until when the time comes, he says: 'If Allah wills.' Then they dig through it and emerge upon the people; they drink up the waters, the people barricade themselves in their forts and fortresses, and the people shoot arrows toward the sky; these return smeared with something like blood. They then say: 'We have overcome the inhabitants of the earth and we have risen above the inhabitants of the heaven.' Then Allah sends worms into their necks that kill them." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "By Him in whose Hand is the soul of Muḥammad — the beasts of the earth will grow fat and full of gratitude from their flesh."
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Salama related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, on the authority of ʿĀṣim ibn ʿUmar ibn Qatāda al-Anṣārī al-Ẓafarī, on the authority of Maḥmūd ibn Labīd — brother of Banū ʿAbd al-Ashhal — and on the authority of Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī, who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: "Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj will be opened up and they will come upon the people as Allah the Almighty and Exalted has said: وَهُمْ مِنْ كُلِّ حَدَبٍ يَنْسِلُونَ . They will overrun the earth, the Muslims will withdraw from them to their cities and fortresses and keep their cattle with them. They will drink the waters of the earth, until one of them comes along a river and drinks what is in it, until he leaves it dry — until whoever passes along that river after them will say: 'Here there was once water.' Until not a single person of the people remains who has not withdrawn to a fort or a city. Then one of them will say: 'These are the inhabitants of the earth — we have dealt with them; there remain the inhabitants of the heaven.' Then one of them will shake his spear and hurl it toward the sky; it returns to him smeared with blood — as a trial and temptation. While they are occupied with that, Allah sends worms into their necks like al-naghaf; they come out of their necks, so that in the morning they fall down dead without a sound being heard from them. The Muslims then say: 'Is there not a man who will give his soul to see what the enemy has done?' Then a man of them steps forward naked, sacrificing his life and certain that he will be killed. He descends and finds them dead, piled upon one another. He calls out: 'O community of Muslims, rejoice! Allah has warded off your enemy from you.' They then come out of their cities and fortresses and let their cattle loose; their only food consists of the bodies of Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj. The cattle are sated from that in the best manner in which it was ever sated from any pasture."
Baḥr ibn Naṣr related to us, he said: Ibn Wahb informed us, he said: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of Abū al-Zāhiriyya and Shurayḥ ibn ʿUbayd: Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj are of three kinds: a kind whose length is like the length of a tall tree, a kind whose length and breadth are equal, and a kind one of whom uses his ear as a sleeping mat and the other as a cloak, with which it covers the rest of its body.
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to us, he said: my father related to me, he said: my uncle related to me, he said: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: قَالُوا يَا ذَا الْقَرْنَيْنِ إِنَّ يَأْجُوجَ وَمَأْجُوجَ مُفْسِدُونَ فِي الأرْضِ — he said: Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī used to say that the Prophet of Allah ﷺ said: "No man of them dies before a thousand men have been born from his loins." And ʿAbd Allāh ibn Masʿūd was astonished at their numerousness and said: "None of Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj dies before a thousand men have been born from his loins."
The tradition that we mentioned from Wahb ibn Munabbih about the story of Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj indicates that those who said to Dhū al-Qarnayn إِنَّ يَأْجُوجَ وَمَأْجُوجَ مُفْسِدُونَ فِي الأرْضِ were merely informing him of their fear of the corruption they would cause in the future, and not that they were complaining to him of corruption that had already proceeded from them against them or against others. The traditions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ confirm that they will in the future spread corruption upon the earth, and contain no indication that before the building of the dam by Dhū al-Qarnayn any corruption had already proceeded from them against others.
Since this is so, as we have clarified, the correct explanation of His word إِنَّ يَأْجُوجَ وَمَأْجُوجَ مُفْسِدُونَ فِي الأرْضِ is that Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj will in the future spread corruption upon the earth.
As for His word فَهَلْ نَجْعَلُ لَكَ خَرْجًا — the reciters differed over its reading. Most of the reciters of Medina, Basra, and some of Kufa read: "kharjan" without alif — evidently in the direction of the maṣdar form. But the majority of the Kufan reciters read "kharājan" with alif, meaning: a compensation for your building of a dam between us and this people.
The reading that in our judgment is the most correct is that of "kharājan" with alif, because the people — as is reported from them — only offered Dhū al-Qarnayn to help him with a contribution from their possessions for the building of the dam; they did not offer him a poll tax. The kharāj among the Arabs means: the yield.
In accordance with what we have said about this, the exegetes spoke.
Mention of who said that: al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ al-Khurāsānī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: فَهَلْ نَجْعَلُ لَكَ خَرَاجًا — he said: "a compensation" عَلَى أن تجعل بيننا وبينهم سدا .
Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, he said: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word فَهَلْ نَجْعَلُ لَكَ خَرَاجًا : he said: "a compensation."
Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Abū Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda: فَهَلْ نَجْعَلُ لَكَ خَرَاجًا — he said: "a compensation."
His word: عَلَى أَنْ تَجْعَلَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُمْ سَدًّا — he says: they said to him: "Shall we give you a compensation so that you make a barrier between us and Yaʾjūj and Maʾjūj that separates us from them and prevents them from coming to us?" That is the dam.