Tafseer of The Cave · Al-Kahf · 18:81
So we intended that their Lord should substitute for them one better than him in purity and nearer to mercy.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the words of Allah the Exalted: فَأَرَدْنَا أَنْ يُبْدِلَهُمَا رَبُّهُمَا خَيْرًا مِنْهُ زَكَاةً وَأَقْرَبَ رُحْمًا (18:81)
The reciters differed concerning the reading of يُبْدِلَهُمَا . A group of reciters from Mecca, Medina, and Baṣra read: "yubaddilahumā" — with tashdīd (doubling) of the dāl. Some among them defended this by saying that they found it doubled in the overwhelming majority of the Qurʾān, such as Allah's word فَبَدَّلَ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا and وَإِذَا بَدَّلْنَا آيَةً مَكَانَ آيَةٍ — and thus they aligned فَأَرَدْنَا أَنْ يُبْدِلَهُمَا رَبُّهُمَا with that. The general reciters of Kūfa read: "yubdilahumā" — with takhfīf (light dāl). Some who read it thus, from among the scholars of the Arabic language, said: "abdala yubdilu" (light dāl) and "baddala yubaddilu" (heavy dāl) have the same meaning.
The most correct position concerning this is, in my view, that they are two readings close to one another in meaning; with whichever of the two a reader recites, he has done correctly.
It has been said that Allah, Mighty and Exalted, gave to the parents of the boy whom the companion of Mūsā killed a girl in his place.
Those who said this are mentioned below:
Yaʿqūb related to me; he said: Hāshim ibn al-Qāsim related to us; he said: al-Mubārak ibn Saʿīd related to us; he said: ʿAmr ibn Qays related to us concerning فَأَرَدْنَا أَنْ يُبْدِلَهُمَا رَبُّهُمَا خَيْرًا مِنْهُ زَكَاةً وَأَقْرَبَ رُحْمًا . He said: "I was informed that it was a girl."
Al-Qāsim related to us; he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us; he said: Ḥajjāj related to me. He said: Ibn Jurayj said: Sulaymān ibn Umayya informed me that he heard Yaʿqūb ibn ʿĀṣim say: "They received in place of the boy a girl."
Ibn Jurayj said: ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿUthmān ibn Khushaym informed me that he heard Saʿīd ibn Jubayr say: "They received in place of the boy a girl."
Others said: their Lord replaced him for them with a Muslim boy.
Those who said this are mentioned below:
Al-Qāsim related to us; he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us; he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, concerning فَأَرَدْنَا أَنْ يُبْدِلَهُمَا رَبُّهُمَا خَيْرًا مِنْهُ زَكَاةً وَأَقْرَبَ رُحْمًا . He said: "His mother was at that time pregnant with a Muslim boy."
Al-Qāsim related to us; he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us; he said: Abū Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda — he mentioned the boy whom al-Khaḍir killed and said: "His parents rejoiced over him at his birth and grieved over him at his death; had he lived on, he would have been their ruin. So let man be content with Allah's decree — for Allah's decree for the believer in what he detests is better for him than His decree in what he loves."
His word خَيْرًا مِنْهُ زَكَاةً : better than the slain boy in virtue and piety.
As al-Qāsim related to us; he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us; he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, concerning فَأَرَدْنَا أَنْ يُبْدِلَهُمَا رَبُّهُمَا خَيْرًا مِنْهُ زَكَاةً : "Islām."
His word وَأَقْرَبَ رُحْمًا : the exegetes differed concerning its interpretation. Some said: the meaning is "closer in mercy toward his parents and more loving toward them than the slain one."
Those who said this are mentioned below:
Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us; he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us; he said: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning وَأَقْرَبَ رُحْمًا : "More loving toward his parents."
Bishr related to us; he said: Yazīd related to us; he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning وَأَقْرَبَ رُحْمًا : "that is to say: closer to goodness."
Others said: the meaning is "closer to it that his parents will treat him with mercy than the slain one."
Those who said this are mentioned below:
Al-Qāsim related to us; he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us; he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, concerning وَأَقْرَبَ رُحْمًا : "That they will treat him more mercifully than they treated the one slain by al-Khaḍir."
Some scholars of the Arabic language interpreted it as: "closer to the two of them showing him mercy" — and al-ruḥm is the verbal noun of "raḥimtu"; one says: "raḥimtuhu raḥmatan wa-ruḥman." Some Basran scholars said: from al-raḥm (kinship). One also says "ruḥm" and "ruḥum" — like "ʿusr" and "ʿusr" (difficulty), "hulk" and "huluk" (perdition). As evidence they cited the verse of al-ʿAjjāj:
وَلَمْ تُعَوَّجْ رُحْمُ مَنْ تَعَوَّجَا
(The kinship-bond of him who has gone crooked has not gone crooked.)
But "kinship" has no place here — for the slain one was the very one whom Allah replaced for his parents with a child for the parents of the slain; and their kinship with him and their nearness to him in the raḥim (womb/blood-tie) are equal. The meaning is only: closer than the slain one in showing mercy to his parents and in treating them well — as Qatāda said. The text may also be directed toward the meaning: "closer to their showing him mercy" — but there is no exegete who interpreted it thus; and when there are no adherents, the most correct position is ours — as we have expounded.