Tabari

Tafseer of The Cave · Al-Kahf · 18:1

بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَنزَلَ عَلَىٰ عَبْدِهِ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ وَلَمْ يَجْعَل لَّهُۥ عِوَجَا ۜ

[All] praise is [due] to Allah, who has sent down upon His Servant the Book and has not made therein any deviance.

Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.

Tabari (1 passage)

  1. Full Dutch translation of Tabari's text

    The explanation of the word of Allah, mighty and exalted be His praise: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا (All praise is due to Allah, Who has sent down the Book to His servant and has placed therein no crookedness) (18:1).

    Abū Jaʿfar says: Allah, exalted be His praise, says: All praise is due to Allah, Who has chosen Muḥammad for His message and selected him to proclaim it on His behalf; Who has sent him to His creation as a prophet and messenger, and Who has sent down His Book upon him as rightly-guiding — and has placed therein no crookedness.

    By His word قَيِّمًا (rightly-guiding) He means: straight and upright. And it is also said: He means thereby that it watches over the remaining books, confirms them, and preserves them.

    An account of those who said that it means "straight and upright":

    ʿAlī ibn Dāwūd related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا ۝ قَيِّمًا: he said: He sent down the Book just and rightly-guiding and placed therein no crookedness. Ibn ʿAbbās thereby made clear — together with his explanation of the meaning of qayyim — that qayyim has been transposed after His word "and has placed therein no crookedness," but that its meaning is brought forward, as if to say: He sent down the Book as rightly-guiding upon His servant.

    It was related to me from Muḥammad ibn Zayd, on the authority of Juwaybir, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk, concerning His word قَيِّمًا: he said: upright.

    Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا ۝ قَيِّمًا: that is to say: straight, without any contradiction.

    Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا ۝ قَيِّمًا: he said: Allah sent down the Book as rightly-guiding and placed therein no crookedness.

    Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا ۝ قَيِّمًا. He said: And in some readings it stands: "but He has made it rightly-guiding."

    The correct view concerning this is, in our opinion, that of Ibn ʿAbbās and those who follow him therein, given the indication of His word وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا: the Exalted, praise be to Him, informs that He sent down the Book which He sent down upon Muḥammad ﷺ as قَيِّمًا — upright, without any contradiction or disproportion; rather, one part of it confirms the other and one part of it testifies for the other; there is no crookedness in it and no deviation from the straight.

    The ʿayn in His word عِوَجًا is pronounced with kasra, because the Arabs say it thus for all crookedness that occurs in a religion or in something whose body one does not see standing upright and visibly perceptible — such as the crookedness in religion. For that reason the ʿayn here is with kasra. Likewise ʿiwaj (crookedness) is said of a road, because it is not an upright-standing body. But for the crookedness of upright-standing bodies the ʿayn is pronounced with fatḥa, as ʿawaj in a lance, a piece of wood, and the like. Ibn ʿAbbās used to say concerning the meaning of His word وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا: and He has placed therein no confusion.

    An account of those who said this:

    ʿAlī related to us, saying: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا ۝ قَيِّمًا: and He has placed therein no confusion.

    There is also no disagreement among the grammarians (Arabists) that the meaning of His word قَيِّمًا, even though it stands later in the text, stands before it alongside the word "the Book." It has been said that the Exalted, praise be to Him, opened this sūra with the mention of Himself in the manner that befits Him, and with the announcement of the sending down of His Book upon His messenger — this as an announcement to the polytheists (mushrikīn) of Mecca that Muḥammad is His messenger ﷺ. For the polytheists had asked the Messenger of Allah ﷺ about certain matters which the Jews of Qurayẓa and al-Naḍīr had taught them and commanded them to ask him. They had said: if he informs you about that, then he is a prophet; if he does not tell you, then he is one who fabricates lies. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ had promised them a time for the answer, but the revelation remained absent for some time and the coming of Jibrīl ﷺ was delayed after the appointed time with the people. The polytheists began to say that he had broken his promise and that he was a fabricator of lies. Then Allah sent down this sūra as an answer to their questions, and opened the beginning of it with His mention and the refutation of the polytheists in the rumor that they had spread among themselves.

    An account of those who said this:

    Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Yūnus ibn Bukayr related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, saying: An old man from Egypt related to me — who had arrived more than forty years ago — on the authority of ʿIkrima, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — as Abū Jaʿfar al-Ṭabarī relates — he said: Quraysh sent al-Naḍr ibn al-Ḥārith and ʿUqba ibn Abī Muʿayṭ to the rabbis (aḥbār) of the Jews in Medina and said to them: Ask them about Muḥammad, describe to them his characteristics, and inform them about his statements, for they are the people of the first Book and they possess knowledge about the prophets which we do not possess. The two set out until they arrived in Medina. They asked the rabbis of the Jews about the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, described to them his affair and some of his words, and said: You are the people of the Torah — we have come to you that you may inform us about this man of ours. The rabbis of the Jews said to them: Ask him about three matters which we charge you with. If he informs you about them, then he is a sent prophet; if he does not, then the man is one who fabricates lies — then you may judge concerning him according to your own discretion: Ask him about youths who in former times (departed, and) what their affair was, for there is a marvelous story about them. And ask him about a man who traversed the whole world and reached the east and the west of the earth — what was his report? And ask him about the spirit — what is it? If he tells you that, then he is a prophet — follow him. And if he does not tell you that, then he is a man who fabricates lies — then do with his affair what you see fit. Al-Naḍr and ʿUqba returned to Quraysh in Mecca and said: O people of Quraysh, we bring you the decision in the affair between you and Muḥammad. The rabbis of the Jews have charged us to ask him about certain matters. They informed them about those matters. They went to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said: O Muḥammad, inform us — and they put to him the questions with which they had been charged. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to them: "I shall inform you tomorrow about what you have asked" — and he made no reservation (that is, he did not say: if Allah wills). They departed. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ remained fifteen nights during which Allah sent him no revelation therein and Jibrīl ﷺ did not visit him — until the people of Mecca began to gossip and said: Muḥammad promised us tomorrow, and now we have woken up for fifteen (nights) in the morning while he tells us nothing about what we asked him. This grieved the Messenger of Allah ﷺ through the absence of the revelation, and what the people of Mecca said weighed heavily upon him. Then Jibrīl ﷺ brought him from Allah the Almighty the sūra of the cave-dwellers, therein His reproach to him for his grief over them, and the report about what they had asked him concerning the youths and the wandering man, and the word of Allah the Almighty: وَيَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الرُّوحِ قُلِ الرُّوحُ مِنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّي وَمَا أُوتِيتُمْ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا (And they ask you about the spirit; say: the spirit belongs to the affair of my Lord, and you have been given only little knowledge). Ibn Isḥāq said: It has reached me that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ opened the sūra and said الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ — meaning thereby: O Muḥammad, you are My messenger, in confirmation of what they had asked concerning his prophethood — وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا ۝ قَيِّمًا: that is to say: straight, without any contradiction.

    Show original Arabic
    القول في تأويل قوله عز ذكره : الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا (1) قال أبو جعفر: يقول تعالى ذكره: الحمد لله الذي خص برسالته محمدا وانتخبه لبلاغها عنه، فابتعثه إلى خلقه نبيا مرسلا وأنـزل عليه كتابه قيما، ولم يجعل له عوجا. وعنى بقوله عز ذكره: قَيِّمًا معتدلا مستقيما، وقيل: عنى به: أنه قيم على سائر الكتب يصدقها ويحفظها. * ذكر من قال عنى به معتدلا مستقيما: حدثني علي بن داود، قال: ثنا عبد الله بن صالح، قال: ثني معاوية، عن علي، عن ابن عباس، في قوله: وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا * قَيِّمًا يقول: أنـزل الكتاب عدلا قيما، ولم يجعل له عوجا، فأخبر ابن عباس بقوله هذا مع بيانه معنى القيم أن القيم مؤخر بعد قوله، ولم يجعل له عوجا، ومعناه التقديم بمعنى: أنـزل الكتاب على عبده قيما. حدثت عن محمد بن زيد، عن جويبر، عن الضحاك، في قوله قَيِّمًا قال: مستقيما. حدثنا ابن حميد، قال: ثنا سلمة، عن ابن إسحاق وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا * قَيِّمًا : أي معتدلا لا اختلاف فيه. حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى، قال: أخبرنا عبد الرزاق، قال: أخبرنا معمر، عن قتادة، في قوله: وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا * قَيِّمًا قال: أنـزل الله الكتاب قيما، ولم يجعل له عوجا. حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، في قوله الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنْـزَلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا * قَيِّمًا . قال: وفي بعض القراءات: " ولكن جعله قيما " . والصواب من القول في ذلك عندنا : ما قاله ابن عباس، ومن قال بقوله في ذلك، لدلالة قوله: ( وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا ) فأخبر جل ثناؤه أنه أنـزل الكتاب الذي أنـزله إلى محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم قَيِّمًا مستقيما لا اختلاف فيه ولا تفاوت، بل بعضه يصدق بعضا، وبعضه يشهد لبعض، لا عوج فيه، ولا ميل عن الحق، وكسرت العين من قوله ( عِوَجًا ) لأن العرب كذلك تقول في كل اعوجاج كان في دين، أو فيما لا يرى شخصه قائما، فيُدْرَك عِيانا منتصبا كالعاج في الدين، ولذلك كُسِرت العين في هذا الموضع، وكذلك العِوَج في الطريق، لأنه ليس بالشخص المنتصب ، فأما ما كان من عِوَج في الأشخاص المنتصبة قياما، فإن عينها تفتح كالعَوج في القناة، والخشبة، ونحوها، وكان ابن عباس يقول في معنى قوله ( وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا ) : ولم يجعل له ملتبسا. * ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثنا عليّ، قال: ثنا عبد الله، قال: ثني معاوية، عن عليّ ، عن ابن عباس وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا * قَيِّمًا ولم يجعل له ملتبسا. ولا خلاف أيضا بين أهل العربية في أن معنى قوله قَيِّمًا وإن كان مؤخرا، التقديم إلى جنب الكتاب، وقيل إنما افتتح جلّ ثناؤه هذه السورة بذكر نفسه بما هو له أهل، وبالخبر عن إنـزال كتابه على رسوله إخبارا منه للمشركين من أهل مكة، بأن محمدا رسوله صلى الله عليه وسلم، وذلك أن المشركين كانوا سألوا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن أشياء علمهموها اليهود من قريظة والنضير، وأمروهم بمسآلتهموه عنها، وقالوا: إن أخبركم بها فهو نبيٌّ ، وإن لم يخبركم بها فهو متقوّل، فوعدهم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم للجواب عنها موعدا، فأبطأ الوحي عنه بعض الإبطاء، وتأخّر مجيء جبرائيل عليه السلام عنه عن ميعاده القوم، فتحدث المشركون بأنه أخلفهم موعده، وأنه متقوّل، فأنـزل الله هذه السورة جوابا عن مسائلهم، وافتتح أوّلها بذكره ، وتكذيب المشركين في أحدوثتهم التي تحدثوها بينهم. *ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثنا أبو كريب، قال: ثنا يونس بن بكير، عن محمد بن إسحاق، قال: ثني شيخ من أهل مصر، قدم منذ بضع وأربعين سنة، عن عكرمة، عن ابن عباس ، فيما يروي أبو جعفر الطبري (3) قال: بعثت قريش النضر بن الحارث، وعُقبة بن أبي معيط إلى أحبار يهود بالمدينة، فقالوا لهم: سلوهم عن محمد، وصِفُوا لهم صفته، وأخبروهم بقوله، فإنهم أهل الكتاب الأول، وعندهم علم ما ليس عندنا من علم الأنبياء، فخرجا حتى قدما المدينة، فسألوا أحبار يهودَ عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، ووصفوا لهم أمره وبعض قوله، وقالا إنكم أهل التوراة ، وقد جئناكم لتخبرونا عن صاحبنا هذا، قال: فقالت لهم أحبار يهود: سلوه عن ثلاث نأمركم بهنّ، فإن أخبركم بهنّ فهو نبيّ مرسل، وإن لم يفعل فالرجل متقوّل، فَرَأوا فيه رأيكم: سلوه عن فِتية ذهبوا في الدهر الأوَّل، ما كان من أمرهم فإنه قد كان لهم حديث عجيب. وسلوه عن رجل طوّاف، بلغ مشارق الأرض ومغاربها، ما كان نبؤه؟ وسلوه عن الروح ما هو؟ فإن أخبركم بذلك، فإنه نبيّ فاتَّبعوه، وإن هو لم يخبركم، فهو رجل متقوّل، فاصنعوا في أمره ما بدا لكم. فأقبل النضْر وعقبة حتى قَدِما مكة على قريش، فقالا يا معشر قريش: قد جئناكم بفصل ما بينكم وبين محمد ، قد أمرنا أحبار يهودَ أن نسأله، عن أمور، فأخبروهم بها، فجاءوا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، فقالوا: يا محمد أخبرنا، فسألوه عما أمروهم به، فقال لهم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: أُخْبِرُكُمْ غَدًا بِمَا سألْتُمْ عَنْهُ ، ولم يستثن فانصرفوا عنه، فمكث رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم خمس عشرة ليلة، لا يُحدِث الله إليه في ذلك وحيا، ولا يأتيه جبرائيل عليه السلام، حتى أرجف أهل مكة وقالوا: وَعَدَنا محمد غدا، واليوم خمس عشرة قد أصبحنا فيها لا يخبرنا بشيء مما سألناه عنه ، وحتى أحزنَ رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم مُكْثُ الوحي عنه، وشقّ عليه ما يتكلم به أهل مكة ، ثم جاءه جبرائيل عليه السلام ، من الله عزّ وجلّ، بسورة أصحاب الكهف، فيها معاتبته إياه على حزنه عليهم وخبر ما سألوه عنه من أمر الفِتية والرجل الطوّاف، وقول الله عزّ وجلّ وَيَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الرُّوحِ قُلِ الرُّوحُ مِنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّي وَمَا أُوتِيتُمْ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ إِلا قَلِيلا [قال ابن إسحاق: فبلغني أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم افتتح السورة فقال ( الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنـزلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ ) يعني محمدا إنك رسولي في تحقيق ما سألوا عنه من نبوّته وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا * قَيِّمًا : أي معتدلا لا اختلاف فيه. ------------------------ الهوامش: (1) المكتب: اسم فاعل من أكتب أو من كتب بالتشديد وهو المعلم، يعلم الصبيان كتابة القرآن في ألواحهم. (2) كذا في الأصول، ولم يذكر المتن اتكالا على ما تقدم، وقد تكرر ذلك منه. (3) الظاهر: أن قوله " فيما يروي أبو جعفر الطبري " : عن عبارة المؤلف عن نفسه ، وليس يعني شخصا آخر ، ولا هو من تعبير بعض تلاميذه عنه.