Tafseer of The Cave · Al-Kahf · 18:1
[All] praise is [due] to Allah, who has sent down upon His Servant the Book and has not made therein any deviance.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the word of Allah, mighty and exalted be His praise: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا (All praise is due to Allah, Who has sent down the Book to His servant and has placed therein no crookedness) (18:1).
Abū Jaʿfar says: Allah, exalted be His praise, says: All praise is due to Allah, Who has chosen Muḥammad for His message and selected him to proclaim it on His behalf; Who has sent him to His creation as a prophet and messenger, and Who has sent down His Book upon him as rightly-guiding — and has placed therein no crookedness.
By His word قَيِّمًا (rightly-guiding) He means: straight and upright. And it is also said: He means thereby that it watches over the remaining books, confirms them, and preserves them.
An account of those who said that it means "straight and upright":
ʿAlī ibn Dāwūd related to me, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا قَيِّمًا: he said: He sent down the Book just and rightly-guiding and placed therein no crookedness. Ibn ʿAbbās thereby made clear — together with his explanation of the meaning of qayyim — that qayyim has been transposed after His word "and has placed therein no crookedness," but that its meaning is brought forward, as if to say: He sent down the Book as rightly-guiding upon His servant.
It was related to me from Muḥammad ibn Zayd, on the authority of Juwaybir, on the authority of al-Ḍaḥḥāk, concerning His word قَيِّمًا: he said: upright.
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Salama related to us, on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq: وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا قَيِّمًا: that is to say: straight, without any contradiction.
Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, saying: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا قَيِّمًا: he said: Allah sent down the Book as rightly-guiding and placed therein no crookedness.
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning His word الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا قَيِّمًا. He said: And in some readings it stands: "but He has made it rightly-guiding."
The correct view concerning this is, in our opinion, that of Ibn ʿAbbās and those who follow him therein, given the indication of His word وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا: the Exalted, praise be to Him, informs that He sent down the Book which He sent down upon Muḥammad ﷺ as قَيِّمًا — upright, without any contradiction or disproportion; rather, one part of it confirms the other and one part of it testifies for the other; there is no crookedness in it and no deviation from the straight.
The ʿayn in His word عِوَجًا is pronounced with kasra, because the Arabs say it thus for all crookedness that occurs in a religion or in something whose body one does not see standing upright and visibly perceptible — such as the crookedness in religion. For that reason the ʿayn here is with kasra. Likewise ʿiwaj (crookedness) is said of a road, because it is not an upright-standing body. But for the crookedness of upright-standing bodies the ʿayn is pronounced with fatḥa, as ʿawaj in a lance, a piece of wood, and the like. Ibn ʿAbbās used to say concerning the meaning of His word وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا: and He has placed therein no confusion.
An account of those who said this:
ʿAlī related to us, saying: ʿAbd Allāh related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا قَيِّمًا: and He has placed therein no confusion.
There is also no disagreement among the grammarians (Arabists) that the meaning of His word قَيِّمًا, even though it stands later in the text, stands before it alongside the word "the Book." It has been said that the Exalted, praise be to Him, opened this sūra with the mention of Himself in the manner that befits Him, and with the announcement of the sending down of His Book upon His messenger — this as an announcement to the polytheists (mushrikīn) of Mecca that Muḥammad is His messenger ﷺ. For the polytheists had asked the Messenger of Allah ﷺ about certain matters which the Jews of Qurayẓa and al-Naḍīr had taught them and commanded them to ask him. They had said: if he informs you about that, then he is a prophet; if he does not tell you, then he is one who fabricates lies. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ had promised them a time for the answer, but the revelation remained absent for some time and the coming of Jibrīl ﷺ was delayed after the appointed time with the people. The polytheists began to say that he had broken his promise and that he was a fabricator of lies. Then Allah sent down this sūra as an answer to their questions, and opened the beginning of it with His mention and the refutation of the polytheists in the rumor that they had spread among themselves.
An account of those who said this:
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Yūnus ibn Bukayr related to us, on the authority of Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, saying: An old man from Egypt related to me — who had arrived more than forty years ago — on the authority of ʿIkrima, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — as Abū Jaʿfar al-Ṭabarī relates — he said: Quraysh sent al-Naḍr ibn al-Ḥārith and ʿUqba ibn Abī Muʿayṭ to the rabbis (aḥbār) of the Jews in Medina and said to them: Ask them about Muḥammad, describe to them his characteristics, and inform them about his statements, for they are the people of the first Book and they possess knowledge about the prophets which we do not possess. The two set out until they arrived in Medina. They asked the rabbis of the Jews about the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, described to them his affair and some of his words, and said: You are the people of the Torah — we have come to you that you may inform us about this man of ours. The rabbis of the Jews said to them: Ask him about three matters which we charge you with. If he informs you about them, then he is a sent prophet; if he does not, then the man is one who fabricates lies — then you may judge concerning him according to your own discretion: Ask him about youths who in former times (departed, and) what their affair was, for there is a marvelous story about them. And ask him about a man who traversed the whole world and reached the east and the west of the earth — what was his report? And ask him about the spirit — what is it? If he tells you that, then he is a prophet — follow him. And if he does not tell you that, then he is a man who fabricates lies — then do with his affair what you see fit. Al-Naḍr and ʿUqba returned to Quraysh in Mecca and said: O people of Quraysh, we bring you the decision in the affair between you and Muḥammad. The rabbis of the Jews have charged us to ask him about certain matters. They informed them about those matters. They went to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said: O Muḥammad, inform us — and they put to him the questions with which they had been charged. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to them: "I shall inform you tomorrow about what you have asked" — and he made no reservation (that is, he did not say: if Allah wills). They departed. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ remained fifteen nights during which Allah sent him no revelation therein and Jibrīl ﷺ did not visit him — until the people of Mecca began to gossip and said: Muḥammad promised us tomorrow, and now we have woken up for fifteen (nights) in the morning while he tells us nothing about what we asked him. This grieved the Messenger of Allah ﷺ through the absence of the revelation, and what the people of Mecca said weighed heavily upon him. Then Jibrīl ﷺ brought him from Allah the Almighty the sūra of the cave-dwellers, therein His reproach to him for his grief over them, and the report about what they had asked him concerning the youths and the wandering man, and the word of Allah the Almighty: وَيَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الرُّوحِ قُلِ الرُّوحُ مِنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّي وَمَا أُوتِيتُمْ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا (And they ask you about the spirit; say: the spirit belongs to the affair of my Lord, and you have been given only little knowledge). Ibn Isḥāq said: It has reached me that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ opened the sūra and said الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ — meaning thereby: O Muḥammad, you are My messenger, in confirmation of what they had asked concerning his prophethood — وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجًا قَيِّمًا: that is to say: straight, without any contradiction.