Tafseer of The Bee · An-Nahl · 16:8
And [He created] the horses, mules and donkeys for you to ride and [as] adornment. And He creates that which you do not know.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, exalted is His remembrance, says: And horses, mules and donkeys He has also created for you to ride and as adornment (zīna) — He says: He made them for you as an adornment with which you adorn yourselves, alongside the usefulness they hold for you, for riding and otherwise. "Al-khayl" (horses) and "al-bighāl" (mules) are in the accusative as a conjunction with the pronoun with ā in خَلَقَهَا , and "al-zīna" (adornment) is in the accusative by an elided verb, as I have explained. Had there been no wāw with it and had it read as follows: "to ride them as an adornment," it would be in the accusative by the preceding verb to which it is attached. But the presence of the wāw indicates that with this word there is an elided verb and that it stands apart from the preceding verb.
And this accords with what we have said concerning it, according to the people of interpretation.
Those who said this:
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning لِتَرْكَبُوهَا وَزِينَةً : he said: He made them to be ridden and made them for you as an adornment. And some of the people of knowledge held that in this verse lies an indication of the prohibition of eating horse meat.
Those who said this:
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, he said: Yaḥyā ibn Wāḍiḥ related to us, he said: Abū Ḍamra related to us, on the authority of Abū Isḥāq, on the authority of a man, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word وَالْخَيْلَ وَالْبِغَالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوهَا : he said: "These are for riding." وَالأَنْعَامَ خَلَقَهَا لَكُمْ فِيهَا دِفْءٌ — he said: "These are for eating."
Yaʿqūb related to me, he said: Ibn ʿUlayya related to us, he said: Hishām al-Dustawwāʾī related to us, he said: Yaḥyā ibn Abī Kathīr related to us, on the authority of a freedman of Nāfiʿ ibn ʿAlqama: that Ibn ʿAbbās disapproved of the meat of horses, mules and donkeys, and used to say: "Allah said: وَالأَنْعَامَ خَلَقَهَا لَكُمْ فِيهَا دِفْءٌ وَمَنَافِعُ وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ — these are for eating; وَالْخَيْلَ وَالْبِغَالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوهَا — these are for riding."
Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: My father related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Laylā, on the authority of al-Minhāl, on the authority of Saʿīd, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: that he was asked about the meat of horses and he disapproved of it and recited this verse وَالْخَيْلَ وَالْبِغَالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوهَا ... the verse.
Aḥmad related to us, he said: Abū Aḥmad related to us, he said: Qays ibn al-Rabīʿ related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Laylā, on the authority of al-Minhāl ibn ʿAmr, on the authority of Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: that he was asked about the meat of horses; he said: "Read the verse before it: وَالأَنْعَامَ خَلَقَهَا لَكُمْ فِيهَا دِفْءٌ وَمَنَافِعُ وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ ...... وَالْخَيْلَ وَالْبِغَالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوهَا وَزِينَةً — those He made for eating, and those for riding."
Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: Yaḥyā ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Abī Ghanniyya related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Ḥakam, concerning وَالأَنْعَامَ خَلَقَهَا لَكُمْ فِيهَا دِفْءٌ وَمَنَافِعُ وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ — he placed eating therein. Then he recited on until he reached وَالْخَيْلَ وَالْبِغَالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوهَا : he said: "He placed therein no eating for you." And al-Ḥakam used to say: "Horses, mules and donkeys are forbidden (ḥarām) in the Book of Allah."
Aḥmad related to us, he said: Abū Aḥmad related to us, he said: Ibn Abī Ghanniyya related to us, on the authority of al-Ḥakam, who said: "The meat of horses is forbidden in the Book of Allah" — then he recited وَالأَنْعَامَ خَلَقَهَا لَكُمْ فِيهَا دِفْءٌ وَمَنَافِعُ ... up to His word لِتَرْكَبُوهَا .
But a group of others among the people of knowledge differed with them in this interpretation and held that this is no indication of the prohibition of anything, and that Allah, glorious is His praise, in this verse and the rest of the beginning of this sūra, has only made His servants aware of His favors to them and called their attention to His proofs against them and His indications of His Oneness, and the wrongly-directed conduct of those among the polytheists who ascribe partners to Him.
Those who did not find eating horse meat objectionable:
Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: My father related to us, on the authority of Shuʿba, on the authority of Mughīra, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, on the authority of al-Aswad: that he ate horse meat.
Ibn Wakīʿ related to us, he said: My father related to us, on the authority of Shuʿba, on the authority of al-Ḥakam, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, on the authority of al-Aswad — the like of the above.
Aḥmad related to us, he said: Abū Aḥmad related to us, he said: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Manṣūr, on the authority of Ibrāhīm, who said: "Our companions slaughtered a horse in the camp and ate of it, and they saw no objection in it."
The correct position concerning this, in our view, is what the people of the second opinion have said. For if in His word, exalted is His remembrance, لِتَرْكَبُوهَا there lay an indication that, because they are for riding, they are not suitable for eating — then in His word فِيهَا دِفْءٌ وَمَنَافِعُ وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ there would lie an indication that, because they are for eating and for warmth, they are not suitable for riding. And in the fact that all agree that the riding of that of which Allah said وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ is permissible and allowed and not forbidden, there is a clear proof that the eating of that of which He said لِتَرْكَبُوهَا is permissible, allowed and not forbidden, except for what has been designated as forbidden by a text or a proof, derived from the Book or from a revelation to the Prophet of Allah ﷺ. For on the basis of this verse the eating of nothing can be forbidden. And Allah has established the indication of the prohibition of the meat of domestic donkeys by means of His revelation to the Prophet of Allah ﷺ, and the indication concerning mules Allah has established as we have explained in our book — the Book of Foods — with what is sufficient so as not to repeat it here, since this is not the place for the exposition of their prohibition. We have only mentioned what we have mentioned in order to show that there is no ground for the opinion of the one who, on the basis of this verse, has concluded that horse meat is forbidden.
Aḥmad related to us: Abū Aḥmad related to us, he said: Isrāʾīl related to us, on the authority of ʿAbd al-Karīm, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ, on the authority of Jābir, who said: "We ate horse meat in the time of the Prophet of Allah ﷺ." I asked: "And the mules?" He said: "As for the mules, no."
And His word وَيَخْلُقُ مَا لا تَعْلَمُونَ — Allah, exalted is His remembrance, says: And your Lord creates, besides the creation of these things which He has mentioned to you, what you do not know of what He has prepared in Paradise (janna) for its inhabitants and in Hell (al-nār) for its inhabitants — what no eye has seen, no ear has heard, and what has not arisen in any human heart.