Tafseer of The Bee · An-Nahl · 16:15
And He has cast into the earth firmly set mountains, lest it shift with you, and [made] rivers and roads, that you may be guided,
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, exalted be His praise, says: and among His blessings upon you, O people, is also that He has given the earth anchors — "rawāsin" is the plural of "rāsiya," that is: the firm, immovable mountains upon the earth. The words أَنْ تَمِيدَ بِكُمْ mean: so that the earth does not sway beneath you — this is equivalent to the expression يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَضِلُّوا (Allah makes [it] clear to you — that you may not go astray), where the meaning is: so that you do not go astray. For Allah anchored the earth with mountains so that His creation upon its back would not sway — even though the earth was indeed swaying before it was anchored.
As Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, on the authority of Qays ibn ʿUbād: Allah, blessed and exalted is He, created the earth and it began to heave. The angels said: "It will not be able to carry anyone upon its back." But by morning it had its mountains.
Al-Muthanná related to me, he said: al-Ḥajjāj ibn al-Minhāl related to us, he said: Ḥammād related to us, on the authority of ʿAṭāʾ ibn al-Sāʾib, on the authority of ʿAbdullāh ibn Ḥabīb, on the authority of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, who said: "When Allah created the earth, it shrank back and said: 'O Lord, will You place the children of Adam upon me, who will commit sins upon me and defile me with impurity?' Thereupon Allah placed upon it the mountains that you see and that you do not see, and it came to rest like quivering flesh. The swaying (al-mayd) is the shaking to and fro and the tilting; one says: 'mādati l-safīnatu tamīdu maydan': when the ship with those aboard it tilts and lists. From this is also derived the seasickness that may overcome one who sails upon the sea — it is a dizziness (al-dawār)."
This is nearly what we have said concerning it, and it is also what the exegetes said.
Mention of who said this:
Al-Muthanná related to me, he said: Abū Ḥudhayfa related to us, he said: Shubl related to us, on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid: أَنْ تَمِيدَ بِكُمْ — so that it does not cause you to tilt.
Al-Qāsim related to us, he said: al-Ḥusayn related to us, he said: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid, identically.
Al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyā related to us, he said: ʿAbd al-Razzāq informed us, he said: Maʿmar informed us, on the authority of Qatāda, on the authority of al-Ḥasan, concerning the words وَأَلْقَى فِي الْأَرْضِ رَوَاسِيَ أَنْ تَمِيدَ بِكُمْ : he said: the mountains, so that it does not cause you to sway. Qatāda said: I heard al-Ḥasan say: "When the earth was created, it nearly began to sway; it was said: 'it will not be able to carry anyone upon its back.' But by morning the mountains were already there — and the angels did not know from what the mountains had been created."
The words وَأَنْهَارًا (and rivers): He thereby says: and He placed therein rivers; the rivers are connected to the mountains (rawāsin) by means of the "wāw" ("and"), and what applied to the mountains is also deemed to apply to the rivers, because the meaning of the sentence is clear and comprehensible. This is similar to the verse of the rajaz-poet:
You hear in their bowels a sound, And in the hands a withering and decay.
The "withering" (al-ḥashsha) is the drying up; the "ḥashsha" is here connected to the "sound" (al-ṣawt) even though a withering cannot be heard — but this is comprehensible because the intent is: "and you see in the hands a withering."
The words وَسُبُلًا (and ways): the plural of "sabīl" (way), just as "ṭuruq" is the plural of "ṭarīq" (path). The meaning of the expression is: and He has laid out for you, O people, upon the earth ways and broad paths that you may travel and tread for the sake of your needs and the quest for your livelihood — as a mercy for you and as a blessing from Him upon you. Had He kept those hidden from you, you would have perished through wandering and confusion.
This is nearly what we have said concerning it, and it is also what the exegetes said.
Mention of who said this:
Bishr related to us, he said: Yazīd related to us, he said: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning the words سُبُلًا : he said: ways.
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, he said: Muḥammad ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda: سُبُلًا — he said: ways.
The words لَعَلَّكُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ — He says: so that you may be guided by the ways that He has laid out for you upon the earth to the places you aim for and the destinations you seek, and so that you do not go astray and fall into confusion.