Tafseer of The Bee · An-Nahl · 16:112
And Allah presents an example: a city which was safe and secure, its provision coming to it in abundance from every location, but it denied the favors of Allah. So Allah made it taste the envelopment of hunger and fear for what they had been doing.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
Allah, the Exalted, says: Allah has set forth as a parable the city of Mecca, inhabited by those who practice polytheism (shirk) against Allah — it is the settlement that was safe and tranquil. Its safety consisted in this: that the Arabs fought one another, killed one another, and led one another into slavery, while the people of Mecca were not attacked and were not fought in their city; that was its safety. His word مُطْمَئِنَّةً (set at ease) means: firmly established with its inhabitants, so that its dwellers had no need to break camp in search of pastures, as the dwellers of the desert needed to do. يَأْتِيهَا رِزْقُهَا رَغَدًا — Allah says: Its inhabitants received their provision amply and abundantly. His word مِنْ كُلِّ مَكَانٍ means: from every pass of the passes of this settlement and from every corner of it.
The explanation that the settlement mentioned in this place refers to Mecca is also the view of the exegetes.
Those who said that:
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: My father related to me, saying: My uncle related to me, saying: My father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās concerning His word وَضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلًا قَرْيَةً كَانَتْ آمِنَةً مُطْمَئِنَّةً يَأْتِيهَا رِزْقُهَا رَغَدًا مِنْ كُلِّ مَكَانٍ : he means Mecca.
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid concerning قَرْيَةً كَانَتْ آمِنَةً مُطْمَئِنَّةً : he said: Mecca.
Al-Qāsim related to us, saying: al-Ḥusayn related to us, saying: Ḥajjāj related to me, on the authority of Ibn Jurayj, on the authority of Mujāhid, something similar.
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda concerning His word وَضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلًا قَرْيَةً كَانَتْ آمِنَةً مُطْمَئِنَّةً : he said: It has been transmitted to us that it is Mecca.
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning قَرْيَةً كَانَتْ آمِنَةً : he said: It is Mecca.
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said concerning His word وَضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلًا قَرْيَةً كَانَتْ آمِنَةً مُطْمَئِنَّةً … to the end of the verse: he said: This is Mecca.
Others said: The settlement that Allah mentions in this place is rather the city of the Prophet ﷺ.
Those who said that:
Ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Barqī related to me, saying: Ibn Abī Maryam related to us, saying: Nāfiʿ ibn Yazīd informed us, saying: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Sharīḥ related to me, that ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn al-Ḥārith al-Ḥaḍramī informed him that he heard Mishrāḥ ibn ʿĀhān say: I heard Sulaym ibn Numayr say: We returned from the pilgrimage (ḥajj) with Ḥafṣa, the wife of the Prophet ﷺ, while ʿUthmān was besieged in Medina. She kept asking about him, what had become of him, until she saw two riders. She sent to them to ask, and they said: He has been killed. Ḥafṣa said: By the One in Whose hand my soul is, truly that is the settlement — she meant Medina — concerning which Allah, the Exalted, said: وَضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلًا قَرْيَةً كَانَتْ آمِنَةً مُطْمَئِنَّةً يَأْتِيهَا رِزْقُهَا رَغَدًا مِنْ كُلِّ مَكَانٍ فَكَفَرَتْ بِأَنْعُمِ اللَّهِ — she recited the verse. Abū Shurāḥ said: And ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Mughīra informed me from the one who related it to him, that he used to say: It is Medina. And His word فَكَفَرَتْ بِأَنْعُمِ اللَّهِ — Allah says: the inhabitants of this settlement were ungrateful for the favors (niʿam) of Allah which He had bestowed upon it.
The linguists differed concerning the singular of "anʿum." Some of the Baṣran grammarians said: "Anʿum" is a plural of "niʿma," just as Allah said حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ — wherein he claimed that it is a plural of "shidda." Another of them said: the singular is "nuʿm," and he said: one says "ayyām ṭuʿm wa-nuʿm," that is: pleasure and luxury, and he said: it is therefore possible that the meaning is "it was ungrateful for the luxury of Allah toward it." He cited as proof for that the word of the poet:
And with me are recompenses of good and evil together, So that poverty is for the poor and luxury (nuʿm) for the favored (bi-anʿum).
One of the Kūfan linguists said: "Anʿum" is a plural of "naʿmāʾ," just as "baʾsāʾ and abʾus," "ḍarrāʾ and aḍarr." As for "ashudd," he held that it is a plural of "shadd."
His word فَأَذَاقَهَا اللَّهُ لِبَاسَ الْجُوعِ وَالْخَوْفِ — Allah, the Exalted, says: Allah made the inhabitants of this settlement taste the garment of hunger — that is a hunger whose harm penetrated their bodies, so that Allah, the Exalted, on account of its penetration into their bodies, regarded it as a garment for them. This was because hunger was sent upon them during successive years through the supplication of the Prophet ﷺ, until they ate "ʿulhiz" and carrion. Abū Jaʿfar said: "Al-ʿulhiz" is camel hair mixed with blood and ticks, which they ate. As for the fear: that was their fear of the reconnaissance parties of the Prophet ﷺ which surrounded them. His word بِمَا كَانُوا يَصْنَعُونَ — Allah says: on account of what they did of ingratitude for the favors of Allah, the denial of His signs, and the giving of the lie to His prophet. And he said: "what they did" (bimā kānū yaṣnaʿūn), although the discourse from the beginning of the verse up to this point ran as a report about the settlement — for the report indeed ran in the discourse concerning the settlement, as a substitute for the mention of its inhabitants, given the listener's familiarity with what is intended — but what is intended are its inhabitants. Therefore it was said بِمَا كَانُوا يَصْنَعُونَ and the report was brought back to the inhabitants of the settlement. That is similar to His word فَجَاءَهَا بَأْسُنَا بَيَاتًا أَوْ هُمْ قَائِلُونَ (in the feminine form for the settlement, but in the plural form for the inhabitants), not "qāʾilatan," even though before it stands فَجَاءَهَا بَأْسُنَا , because he returned the report as a report about the inhabitants of the settlement. Comparable examples are numerous in the Qurʾān.