Tafseer of Joseph · Yusuf · 12:40
You worship not besides Him except [mere] names you have named them, you and your fathers, for which Allah has sent down no authority. Legislation is not but for Allah. He has commanded that you worship not except Him. That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
The explanation of the word of Allah, the Exalted: مَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ إِلا أَسْمَاءً سَمَّيْتُمُوهَا أَنْتُمْ وَآبَاؤُكُمْ مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ بِهَا مِنْ سُلْطَانٍ إِنِ الْحُكْمُ إِلا لِلَّهِ أَمَرَ أَلا تَعْبُدُوا إِلا إِيَّاهُ ذَلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ وَلَكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لا يَعْلَمُونَ (What you worship besides Him are only names which you — you yourselves and your fathers — have invented; Allah has sent down no proof for them. The judgment belongs to Allah alone; He has commanded that you worship none but Him. That is the upright religion — but most people do not know.) [12:40]
Abū Jaʿfar said: By His word مَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ he means: What you worship besides Allah.
It says مَا تَعْبُدُونَ [in the plural] although the speech had begun with two addressees — يَا صَاحِبَيِ السِّجْنِ — because by the addressee he meant — and whoever likewise was engaged with Allah in polytheism (shirk), of the inhabitants of Egypt — and so he said to the addressee: "What you worship — you and whoever is in the same condition as you, namely in the worship of idols." إِلا أَسْمَاءً سَمَّيْتُمُوهَا أَنْتُمْ وَآبَاؤُكُمْ — and that is their naming of their idols as gods (āliha) and lords (arbāb) — therein equating them with Allah in the names by which they named them, while Allah is far exalted above having an equal or a likeness. مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ بِهَا مِنْ سُلْطَانٍ — he says: They gave them names for which Allah had given them no permission to name them, and had set down no proof or argument that these names are their names — but that is only fabrication and lying on their part. [note 3]
إِنِ الْحُكْمُ إِلا لِلَّهِ أَمَرَ أَلا تَعْبُدُوا إِلا إِيَّاهُ — he says: And He has commanded that you — you yourselves and all His creation — worship none but Allah, to Whom alone worship and veneration are due — purely for Him, exclusive of all besides Him. As:
19293 — Al-Muthannā related to me, saying: Isḥāq related to us, saying: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Jaʿfar related to us, on the authority of his father, on the authority of al-Rabīʿ ibn Anas, on the authority of Abū al-ʿĀliya — concerning His word إِنِ الْحُكْمُ إِلا لِلَّهِ أَمَرَ أَلا تَعْبُدُوا إِلا إِيَّاهُ — that he said: "He laid the foundation of the religion upon sincerity (ikhlāṣ) for Allah alone — He has no partner."
ذَلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ — he says: This to which I have called you both — of abandoning the worship of all that is besides Allah of idols, and directing worship purely to Allah, the One, the Subduer — that is the upright (qawwīm) religion that has no crookedness in it, and the truth that has no doubt in it. [note 4] وَلَكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لا يَعْلَمُونَ — he says: But the polytheists who associate partners with Allah do not know that, and they do not know its reality.