Tafseer of Abundance · Al-Kawthar · 108:3
Indeed, your enemy is the one cut off.
Important: The Arabic source text is always authoritative. This translation is a study aid and has not been verified by scholars — do not use it as a basis for religious proof or for deriving rulings (ahkam). When in doubt, always consult the Arabic text and a qualified scholar.
And His word: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ
(Verily, your hater is the one who is cut off)
By His word — exalted be His praise — إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ (verily your hater) He means: whoever hates you, O Muḥammad ﷺ, and is your enemy, هُوَ الأبْتَرُ (is the one who is cut off). By al-abtar (the cut-off one) He means: the lowliest, the most abased, the one whose progeny is cut off, who has no descendants.
The people of interpretation differed concerning who is meant by this.
Some said: al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil al-Sahmī is meant.
* Statement of who said that:
ʿAlī related to me, saying: Abū Ṣāliḥ related to us, saying: Muʿāwiya related to me, on the authority of ʿAlī, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ — he said: "your enemy."
Muḥammad ibn Saʿd related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: my uncle related to me, saying: my father related to me, on the authority of his father, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, concerning His word: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ — he said: "that is al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān related to us, saying: Sufyān related to us, on the authority of Hilāl ibn Khabbāb, he said: I heard Saʿīd ibn Jubayr say concerning إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ : "that is al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil."
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Mahrān related to us, on the authority of Sufyān, on the authority of Hilāl, he said: I asked Saʿīd ibn Jubayr about His word: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ — he said: "your enemy al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil is cut off from his people."
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr related to me, saying: Abū ʿĀṣim related to us, saying: ʿĪsā related to us; and al-Ḥārith related to me, saying: al-Ḥasan related to us, saying: Warqāʾ related to us — both on the authority of Ibn Abī Najīḥ, on the authority of Mujāhid, concerning His word: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ — he said: "al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil; he said: I am a hater of Muḥammad, and whoever hates him among the people is the cut-off one."
Ibn ʿAbd al-Aʿlā related to us, saying: Ibn Thawr related to us, on the authority of Maʿmar, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ — he said: "that is al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil; he said: I am a hater of Muḥammad, and he is abtar — he has no progeny. Allah said: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ ." Qatāda said: "al-abtar is the contemptible, the insignificant, the abased."
Bishr related to us, saying: Yazīd related to us, saying: Saʿīd related to us, on the authority of Qatāda, concerning إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ : "this is al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil; it has reached us that he said: I am the hater of Muḥammad."
Yūnus related to me, saying: Ibn Wahb informed us, saying: Ibn Zayd said, concerning His word: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ — he said: "the man who said: Muḥammad is indeed abtar — he has, as you see, no progeny. Allah said: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ ."
Others said: no, what is meant by this is ʿUqba ibn Abī Muʿayṭ.
* Statement of who said that:
Ibn Ḥumayd related to us, saying: Yaʿqūb al-Qummī related to us, on the authority of Ḥafṣ ibn Ḥumayd, on the authority of Shimr ibn ʿAṭiyya, he said: "ʿUqba ibn Abī Muʿayṭ used to say that no child would remain alive for the Prophet ﷺ, and that he was abtar. So concerning this Allah revealed these verses: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ — ʿUqba ibn Abī Muʿayṭ — هُوَ الأبْتَرُ ."
Still others said: no, what is meant by this is a group of the Quraysh.
* Statement of who said that:
Ibn al-Muthannā related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Wahhāb related to us, saying: Dāwūd related to us, on the authority of ʿIkrima, concerning this verse: أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا نَصِيبًا مِنَ الْكِتَابِ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْجِبْتِ وَالطَّاغُوتِ وَيَقُولُونَ لِلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا هَؤُلاءِ أَهْدَى مِنَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا سَبِيلا — he said: "it was revealed concerning Kaʿb ibn al-Ashraf; he went to Mecca and the people there said to him: we are better than this al-ṣunbūr (the cut-off palm-shoot), cut off from his people — and we are the people of the pilgrimage, with us is the slaughter-place of the sacrificial animals. He said: you are better. Allah revealed concerning this this verse, and revealed concerning those who said to the Prophet ﷺ what they said: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ ."
Abū Kurayb related to us, saying: Wakīʿ related to us, on the authority of Badr ibn ʿUthmān, on the authority of ʿIkrima, concerning إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ — he said: "when the revelation was sent down to the Prophet ﷺ, the Quraysh said: Muḥammad is cut off (batara) from us. Thereupon was revealed: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ — he said: the one who accused you of being cut off (al-batr) is himself the cut-off one."
Ibn Bashshār related to us, saying: Ibn Abī ʿAdī related to us, saying: Dāwūd ibn Abī Hind informed us, on the authority of ʿIkrima, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās — he said: "when Kaʿb ibn al-Ashraf came to Mecca, they went to him and said: we are the people of the Saqāya and the Sidāna, and you are the master of the people of al-Madīna — who is better, we or this al-ṣunbūr, cut off from his people, who claims that he is better than us? He said: no, you are better than he. Thereupon was revealed to him: إِنَّ شَانِئَكَ هُوَ الأبْتَرُ . And there was revealed to him: أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا نَصِيبًا مِنَ الْكِتَابِ ... up to His word نَصِيرًا ."
The most correct of these statements, in my judgment, is that Allah — exalted be His remembrance — has informed that whoever hates the Messenger of Allah ﷺ is the lowliest and most abased, and the one whose progeny is cut off. This is the description of everyone who hates him among the people, even though the verse was revealed with respect to a particular person.
End of the tafsīr of Sūrat al-Kawthar
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Footnotes:
(7) It may be the sermon of the Festival of the Breaking of the Fast (Fiṭr) or of the Sacrifice (Naḥr), for there is disagreement over whether the journey to the ʿUmra of al-Ḥudaybiyya took place in Ramaḍān or in Dhū l-Qaʿda — so that there exists doubt on the part of the narrator.
(8) The verse is by some of the Banū Asad, and is one of the proof-texts which al-Farrāʾ cites in his Maʿānī al-Qurʾān (p. 377), where he says: "and His word فَصَلِّ لِرَبِّكَ وَانْحَرْ — 'pray to your Lord and sacrifice'. With a narration on the authority of ʿAlī he said: therein al-naḥr means: placing your left hand upon your right hand in the prayer. And it is said: pray to your Lord and sacrifice — turn your breast (naḥr) toward the qibla. I heard some of the Arabs say: our dwellings 'face' (tunāḥiru) one another, that is: they stand opposite each other. And one of the Banū Asad recited to me: 'Abā Ḥakam...' — the verse; this is derived from this: one faces the other (yanḥaru baʿḍuhu baʿḍan)." In al-Lisān (s.v. naḥara): the two houses tatanāḥarān — that is: they stand opposite each other. And when a house stands directly opposite another house, one says: this house faces (tanḥuru) the other. He then cites the words of al-Farrāʾ and the verse.
(9) In al-Lisān (s.v. ṣunbara): the root of the ṣunbūr is a branch of a date-palm that sprouts from the trunk of the palm tree but not from the ground, or a palm tree that remains alone. What the unbelievers of the Quraysh meant by their word ṣunbūr is: that were he to be uprooted, his memory would vanish, just as the root of the ṣunbūr is lost — since he has no progeny.